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Melamine chinhu chinozivikanwa chinosvibisa chikafu chinogona kunge chiripo mune zvimwe zvikamu zvekudya, netsaona uye nemaune. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuona nekuyera melamine mufomura yevana neupfu hwemukaka. Sampuli dzechikafu dzinosvika makumi mana dziri kutengeswa, kusanganisira fomura yevana neupfu hwemukaka, kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeIran dzakaongororwa. Hunhu hwe melamine hwemasamples hwakaonekwa uchishandisa high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) system. Calibration curve (R2 = 0.9925) yakagadzirwa kuti ione melamine iri pakati pe0.1–1.2 μg mL−1. Miganhu yekuyera nekuyera yaive 1 μg mL−1 uye 3 μg mL−1, zvichiteerana. Melamine yakaedzwa mufomura yevana neupfu hwemukaka uye mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti huwandu hwe melamine mufomura yevana neupfu hwemukaka hwaive 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 uye 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, zvichiteerana. Izvi zvinoenderana nemutemo weEU neCodex Alimentarius. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kudyiwa kwemukaka uyu une melamine shoma hakupi njodzi huru kuhutano hwevatengi. Izvi zvinotsigirwawo nemigumisiro yekuongorora njodzi.
Melamine chinhu chinowanikwa mumakemikari chine fomura yemolecular C3H6N6, inobva ku cyanamide. Chine kunyungudika kwakaderera mumvura uye chine nitrogen inosvika 66%. Melamine chinhu chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri chine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana epamutemo mukugadzira mapurasitiki, mafetiraiza, uye michina yekugadzira chikafu (kusanganisira kurongedza chikafu nemidziyo yekicheni)1,2. Melamine inoshandiswawo semushonga wekurapa zvirwere. Huwandu hwakawanda hwenitrogen mumelamine hunogona kukonzera kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwechinhu ichi uye kupa hunhu hwemamorekuru eprotein muzvinhu zvekudya3,4. Nokudaro, kuwedzera melamine muzvigadzirwa zvekudya, kusanganisira zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, kunowedzera huwandu hwenitrogen. Saka, zvakagumiswa zvisirizvo kuti huwandu hweprotein mumukaka hwaive hwakakwira kupfuura hwaive chaihwo.
Pagiramu rega rega remelamine rinowedzerwa, huwandu hweprotein muchikafu huchawedzera ne0.4%. Zvisinei, melamine inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura uye inogona kukonzera kukuvara kwakakomba. Kuwedzera 1.3 gramu yemelamine muzvigadzirwa zvemvura zvakaita semukaka kunogona kuwedzera huwandu hweprotein mumukaka ne30%5,6. Kunyangwe melamine ichiwedzerwa muzvikafu zvemhuka uye kunyange zvevanhu kuti iwedzere huwandu hweprotein7, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) nevakuru venyika havana kubvumidza melamine sechikafu chinowedzera uye vakaiisa munjodzi kana ikamedzwa, ikafemerwa, kana kunyudzwa neganda. Muna 2012, World Health Organization's (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer yakaisa melamine seClass 2B carcinogen nekuti inogona kukuvadza hutano hwevanhu8. Kusangana nemelamine kwenguva refu kunogona kukonzera kenza kana kukuvara kweitsvo2. Melamine muchikafu inogona kusangana necyanuric acid kugadzira makristaro eyero asinganyungudike mumvura anogona kukonzera kukuvara kweitsvo nedundira, pamwe nekenza yemudumbu uye kurasikirwa nehuremu9,10. Zvinogona kukonzera chepfu yekudya zvakanyanya uye, kana zvakawandisa, rufu, kunyanya muvacheche nevana vadiki.11 Sangano reWorld Health Organization (WHO) rakaisawo huwandu hwekudya hwemelamine hunobvumirwa zuva nezuva (TDI) kuvanhu pa 0.2 mg/kg huremu hwemuviri pazuva zvichibva pamirairo yeCAC.12 Sangano reUS Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) rakaisa huwandu hwepamusoro hwemaresidue emelamine pa 1 mg/kg mufomura yevana vacheche uye 2.5 mg/kg mune zvimwe zvekudya.2,7 MunaGunyana 2008, zvakashumwa kuti vagadziri vefomura yevana vacheche vemumba vakawedzera melamine muupfu hwemukaka kuti vawedzere huwandu hweprotein muzvigadzirwa zvavo, zvichikonzera chepfu yemukaka uye zvichikonzera chiitiko chechepfu yemelamine munyika yese chakarwarisa vana vanopfuura 294,000 uye chakaisa muchipatara vanopfuura 50,000.13
Kuyamwisa hakugoneki nguva dzose nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita sematambudziko ehupenyu hwemumaguta, kurwara kwaamai kana mwana, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nekushandiswa kwemukaka wevana kudyisa vacheche. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mafekitori akagadzirwa kugadzira mukaka wevana uri pedyo nemukaka wemuzamu muchimiro chawo14. Mukaka wevana unotengeswa pamusika unowanzogadzirwa nemukaka wemombe uye unowanzogadzirwa nemusanganiswa wakakosha wemafuta, mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi, mavitamini, zvicherwa nezvimwe zvinhu. Kuti uve pedyo nemukaka wemuzamu, huwandu hweprotein nemafuta emukaka uyu hunosiyana, uye zvichienderana nerudzi rwemukaka, zvinosimbiswa nezvinhu zvakaita semavhitamini nezvicherwa zvakaita sesimbi15. Sezvo vacheche vari boka rinonzwa uye paine njodzi yekuchetura, kuchengetedzeka kwekushandiswa kweupfu hwemukaka kwakakosha pahutano. Mushure menyaya yehupfu hwemelamine pakati pevacheche vekuChina, nyika pasi rese dzakanyatsoteerera nyaya iyi, uye kunzwa kwenzvimbo iyi kwakawedzerawo. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kusimbisa kudzora kugadzirwa kwemukaka wevana kuitira kuchengetedza hutano hwevacheche. Kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuona melamine muchikafu, dzinosanganisira high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis, sensory method, spectrophotometry uye antigen-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay16. Muna 2007, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yakagadzira uye yakaburitsa nzira yeHPLC yekuona melamine necyanuric acid muchikafu, inova ndiyo nzira inoshanda kwazvo yekuona huwandu hwemelamine17.
Kuwanda kweMelamine mufomura yevana yakayerwa uchishandisa nzira itsva ye infrared spectroscopy kwaive kubva pa 0.33 kusvika 0.96 milligrams pa kilogiramu (mg kg-1). 18 Ongororo muSri Lanka yakawana huwandu hwe melamine muupfu hwemukaka wese kubva pa 0.39 kusvika 0.84 mg kg-1. Pamusoro pezvo, sampuro dzefomura yevana dzakatorwa kubva kunze kwenyika dzaive nehuwandu hwakanyanya hwe melamine, pa 0.96 uye 0.94 mg/kg, zvichiteerana. Aya mazinga ari pasi pemuganhu wemutemo (1 mg/kg), asi chirongwa chekutarisa chinodiwa kuti vatengi vachengetedzeke. 19
Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaongorora huwandu hwemelamine mumaforoma evana vekuIran. Inenge 65% yemasampuli aive nemelamine, neavhareji ye0.73 mg/kg uye yepamusoro ye3.63 mg/kg. Imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti huwandu hwemelamine mumaforoma evana hwaive kubva pa0.35 kusvika 3.40 μg/kg, neavhareji ye1.38 μg/kg. Zvose, kuvapo uye huwandu hwemelamine mumaforoma evana vekuIran zvakaongororwa muzvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, nemamwe masampuli ane melamine achipfuura muganho wepamusoro wakaiswa nevatungamiriri vemutemo (2.5 mg/kg/feed).
Tichifunga nezvekudyiwa kwemukaka weupfu zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga muindasitiri yechikafu uye kukosha kwakanyanya kwemukaka wevana mukupa vana chikafu, chidzidzo ichi chaive nechinangwa chekusimbisa nzira yekuona melamine mumukaka weupfu uye mukaka wevana. Kutaura zvazviri, chinangwa chekutanga chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekugadzira nzira inokurumidza, iri nyore uye yakarurama yekuona melamine inokanganisa mukaka wevana nemukaka uchishandisa high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) uye ultraviolet (UV) detection; Chechipiri, chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuona huwandu hwemelamine mumukaka wevana nemukaka wevana unotengeswa mumusika weIran.
Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa pakuongorora melamine zvinosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yekugadzirwa kwechikafu. Nzira yekuongorora HPLC-UV inonzwisisika uye yakavimbika yakashandiswa kuyera masara emelamine mumukaka nefomura yevana vacheche. Zvigadzirwa zvemukaka zvine mapuroteni nemafuta akasiyana-siyana anogona kukanganisa kuyerwa kwemelamine. Saka, sezvakacherechedzwa naSun et al. 22, nzira yakakodzera uye inoshanda yekuchenesa inodiwa tisati taongorora zvishandiso. Muchidzidzo ichi, takashandisa mafirita esirinji anoraswa. Muchidzidzo ichi, takashandisa koramu yeC18 kuparadzanisa melamine mufomura yevana vacheche nehupfu hwemukaka. Mufananidzo 1 unoratidza chromatogram yekuona melamine. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzoserwa kwemasampuru ane 0.1–1.2 mg/kg melamine kwakabva pa95% kusvika 109%, regression equation yaive y = 1.2487x - 0.005 (r = 0.9925), uye relative standard deviation (RSD) values ​​​​kubva pa0.8 kusvika 2%. Data riripo rinoratidza kuti nzira iyi yakavimbika muhuwandu hwe concentration hwakadzidzwa (Tafura 1). Muganho wekuona zvinhu (LOD) uye muganho wekuenzanisa (LOQ) wemelamine waiva 1 μg mL−1 uye 3 μg mL−1, zvichiteerana. Pamusoro pezvo, UV spectrum yemelamine yakaratidza bhendi rekunyudza pa242 nm. Nzira yekuona inonzwisisika, yakavimbika uye yakarurama. Nzira iyi inogona kushandiswa pakuongorora mwero wemelamine nguva dzose.
Zvakafanana zvakaburitswa nevanyori vakati wandei. Nzira ye high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC) yakagadzirwa kuti iongorore melamine muzvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Miganhu yakaderera yekuyera yaive 340 μg kg−1 yemukaka weupfu uye 280 μg kg−1 yefomura yemucheche pa240 nm. Filazzi et al. (2012) vakataura kuti melamine haina kuonekwa mufomura yemucheche neHPLC. Zvisinei, 8% yemasampuli emukaka weupfu aiva nemelamine padanho re 0.505–0.86 mg/kg. Tittlemiet et al.23 vakaita ongororo yakafanana uye vakaona kuti melamine iri mufomura yemucheche (nhamba yemuenzaniso: 72) ne high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (HPLC-MS/MS) yaive inenge 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1. Muongororo yakaitwa naVenkatasamy et al. (2010), nzira ye green chemistry (isina acetonitrile) uye reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) zvakashandiswa kufungidzira melamine mumukaka wevana nemukaka. Sample concentration range yaive kubva pa1.0 kusvika 80 g/mL uye mhinduro yaive yakatwasuka (r > 0.999). Nzira iyi yakaratidza kudzoserwa kwe97.2–101.2 pamusoro pehuwandu hwe5–40 g/mL uye reproducibility yaive pasi pe1.0% relative standard deviation. Uyezve, LOD yakaonekwa neLOQ yaive 0.1 g mL−1 uye 0.2 g mL−124, zvichiteerana. Lutter et al. (2011) vakaona kusvibiswa kwemelamine mumukaka wemombe nemukaka wevana vachishandisa HPLC-UV. Hunhu hweMelamine hwaive kubva pa < 0.2 kusvika 2.52 mg kg−1. Nzira yeHPLC-UV yaive 0.05 kusvika 2.5 mg kg−1 yemukaka wemombe, 0.13 kusvika 6.25 mg kg−1 yemukaka wevacheche une protein mass fraction ye <15%, uye 0.25 kusvika 12.5 mg kg−1 yemukaka wevacheche une protein mass fraction ye15%. Mhedzisiro yeLOD (neLOQ) yaive 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1) yemukaka wemombe, 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1) yemukaka wevacheche <15% protein, uye 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg−1) yemukaka wevacheche 15% protein, ine signal-to-noise ratio ye3 ne1025 yeLOD neLOQ, zvichiteerana. Diebes et al. (2012) vakaongorora mazinga emelamine mu samples dzemukaka wevacheche nemukaka weupfu vachishandisa HPLC/DMD. Mumukaka wevana, mwero wakaderera uye wepamusoro waiva 9.49 mg kg−1 uye 258 mg kg−1, zvichiteerana. Muganho wekuonekwa (LOD) waiva 0.05 mg kg−1.
Javaid nevamwe vake vakataura kuti melamine residues mumukaka wevana vaiva pakati pe0.002–2 mg kg−1 neFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1). Rezai nevamwe vake27 vakapa nzira yeHPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) yekufungidzira melamine uye vakawana LOQ ye0.08 μg mL−1 yemukaka weupfu, iyo yaive yakaderera pane yakawanikwa muchidzidzo ichi. Sun nevamwe vake vakagadzira RP-HPLC-DAD yekuona melamine mumukaka wemvura nekubvisa solid phase (SPE). Vakawana LOD neLOQ ye18 ne60 μg kg−128, zvichiteerana, iyo inonyanya kunzwisisika kupfuura chidzidzo chazvino. Montesano nevamwe vake. yakasimbisa kushanda kwenzira yeHPLC-DMD yekuongorora huwandu hwemelamine mumapuroteni ane muganho wekuyera we0.05–3 mg/kg, iyo yakanga isina kusimba pane nzira yakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi29.
Pasina mubvunzo, marabhoritari ekuongorora anoita basa rakakosha mukudzivirira nharaunda nekutarisa kusvibiswa mumienzaniso yakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvinosvibisa uye zvinonyungudutsa panguva yekuongorora kunogona kukonzera kuumbwa kwezvisaririra zvine njodzi. Nokudaro, green analytical chemistry (GAC) yakagadzirwa muna 2000 kuderedza kana kubvisa migumisiro yakaipa yemaitiro ekuongorora pavashandisi nenharaunda26. Nzira dzechinyakare dzekuona melamine dzinosanganisira chromatography, electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, uye enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) dzakashandiswa kuona melamine. Zvisinei, pakati penzira dzakawanda dzekuongorora, ma electrochemical sensors akakwezva kutariswa kukuru nekuda kwekunzwa kwavo kwakanaka, kusarudza, nguva yekuongorora nekukurumidza, uye hunhu hunoshanda mushandisi30,31. Green nanotechnology inoshandisa nzira dzebhayoloji kugadzira nanomaterials, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kugadzirwa kwemarara ane njodzi uye kushandiswa kwesimba, nokudaro zvichikurudzira kushandiswa kwemaitiro anochengetedza nharaunda. Nanocomposites, semuenzaniso, dzakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvine hushamwari kune nharaunda, dzinogona kushandiswa muma biosensors kuona zvinhu zvakaita se melamine32,33,34.
Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti solid-phase microextraction (SPME) inoshandiswa zvinobudirira nekuda kwekushanda kwayo nesimba uye kugara kwenguva refu zvichienzaniswa nenzira dzechinyakare dzekuburitsa. Hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza uye kushanda zvakanaka kweSPME zvinoita kuti ive imwe nzira yakanaka pane nzira dzechinyakare dzekuburitsa mumakemikari ekuongorora uye inopa nzira inogara kwenguva refu uye inoshanda yekugadzirira sampuro35.
Muna 2013, Wu nevamwe vake vakagadzira biosensor inonzwisisika uye inosarudzwa pamusoro peplasmon resonance (mini-SPR) inoshandisa kubatana pakati pemelamine neanti-melamine antibodies kuti ione melamine nekukurumidza mufomura yevana vachishandisa immunoassay. Iyo SPR biosensor yakasanganiswa ne immunoassay (ichishandisa melamine-conjugated bovine serum albumin) tekinoroji iri nyore kushandisa uye inodhura zvishoma ine muganho wekuona we 0.02 μg mL-136 chete.
Nasiri naAbbasian vakashandisa sensor inotakurika ine simba guru pamwe chete negraphene oxide-chitosan composites (GOCS) kuti vaone melamine muzviyero zvekutengesa37. Nzira iyi yakaratidza kusarudza kwakanyanya, kururama, uye kupindura. GOCS sensor yakaratidza kunzwisisika kunoshamisa (239.1 μM−1), linear range ye 0.01 kusvika 200 μM, affinity constant ye 1.73 × 104, uye LOD inosvika 10 nM. Uyezve, chidzidzo chakaitwa naChandrasekhar et al. muna 2024 chakatora nzira inochengetedza nharaunda uye inodhura zvishoma. Vakashandisa papaya peel extract se reducing agent yekugadzira zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) nenzira inochengetedza nharaunda. Mushure mezvo, nzira yakasiyana ye micro-Raman spectroscopy yakagadzirwa kuti ione melamine muforomamu yevana. ZnO-NPs dzinobva mumarara ekurima dzakaratidza kugona sechishandiso chinokosha chekuongorora uye tekinoroji yakavimbika, isingadhuri yekutarisa nekuona melamine38.
Alizadeh nevamwe (2024) vakashandisa chikuva che fluorescence chesimbi-organic (MOF) chinonzwisisika zvikuru kuti vaone melamine mumukaka weupfu. Rudzi rwayo rwakaenzana uye muganho wekuona wakaderera we sensor, zvakawanikwa uchishandisa 3σ/S, zvaive 40 kusvika 396.45 nM (yakaenzana ne25 μg kg−1 kusvika 0.25 mg kg−1) uye 40 nM (yakaenzana ne25 μg kg−1), zvichiteerana. Rudzi urwu rwuri pasi pemazinga epamusoro e residue (MRLs) akaiswa kuti melamine ionekwe mufomura yevana vacheche (1 mg kg−1) uye mamwe masampuli ezvekudya/zvekudya (2.5 mg kg−1). Sensor ye fluorescent (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) yakaratidza kururama kwakanyanya uye kugona kuyera kwakanyatsojeka kupfuura HPLC39 mukuona melamine mumukaka weupfu. Biosensors uye nanocomposites mu green chemistry hazvingowedzere kugona kwekuona chete asiwo zvinoderedza njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza zvichienderana nemisimboti yekusimudzira nharaunda.
Nzira dzeGreen chemistry dzakashandiswa munzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuongorora melamine. Imwe nzira ndeyekugadzira nzira ye green dispersive solid-phase microextraction uchishandisa natural polar polymer β-cyclodextrin cross-linked with citric acid yekubvisa melamine 40 kubva mumasampuli akadai semushonga wevana vacheche nemvura inopisa. Imwe nzira inoshandisa Mannich reaction yekuongorora melamine mumasampuli emukaka zvinobudirira. Nzira iyi haina mari yakawanda, ine nharaunda, uye yakarurama zvikuru ine linear range ye 0.1–2.5 ppm uye low detection limit 41. Uyezve, nzira inodhura uye ine nharaunda yekuongorora huwandu hwemelamine mumukaka wemvura uye mushonga wevana vacheche yakagadzirwa uchishandisa Fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy ine high accuracy uye detection limit ye ​​1 ppm uye 3.5 ppm, zvichiteerana 42. Nzira idzi dzinoratidza kushandiswa kwemitemo yeGreen chemistry mukuvandudza nzira dzinoshanda uye dzinogara kwenguva refu dzekuongorora melamine.
Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakapa nzira itsva dzekutsvaga melamine, dzakadai sekushandisa solid-phase extraction uye high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)43, pamwe nefast high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), iyo isingade complex pre-treatment kana ion-pair reagents, nokudaro ichideredza huwandu hwemarara emakemikari44. Nzira idzi hadzingope chete mhedzisiro chaiyo yekuona melamine muzvigadzirwa zvemukaka, asiwo dzinotevedzera misimboti yegreen chemistry, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari ane njodzi uye kuderedza kukanganisa kwese kwezvakatipoteredza kwemaitiro ekuongorora.
Mienzaniso makumi mana yemhando dzakasiyana yakaedzwa katatu, uye mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa muTafura 2. Mazinga eMelamine mumienzaniso yefodya yevana neupfu hwemukaka aive pakati pe0.001 kusvika 0.004 mg/kg uye kubva pa0.001 kusvika 0.095 mg/kg, zvichiteerana. Hapana shanduko huru dzakaonekwa pakati pemapoka matatu emakore efodya yevana. Pamusoro pezvo, melamine yakaonekwa mu80% yeupfu hwemukaka, asi 65% yefodya yevana yaive yakasvibiswa nemelamine.
Huremu hwe melamine mumukaka wemumaindasitiri hwaive hwakakwira kupfuura hwemukaka wevana, uye musiyano wacho waive wakakosha (p<0.05) (Mufananidzo 2).
Mhedzisiro yakawanikwa yaive pasi pemiganhu yakatarwa neFDA (iri pasi pe1 ne2.5 mg/kg). Pamusoro pezvo, mhedzisiro yacho inoenderana nemiganhu yakatarwa neCAC (2010) neEU45,46, kureva kuti muganho wepamusoro unobvumidzwa i1 mg kg-1 yemukaka wevana uye 2.5 mg kg-1 yezvigadzirwa zvemukaka.
Sekureva kweongororo yakaitwa muna 2023 naGhanati et al.47, huwandu hwemelamine mumhando dzakasiyana dzemukaka wakaputirwa muIran hwaive pakati pe50.7 ne790 μg kg−1. Mhedzisiro yavo yaive pasi pemuganhu unotenderwa neFDA. Mhedzisiro yedu yakaderera pane yaShoder et al.48 naRima et al.49. Shoder et al. (2010) vakawana kuti huwandu hwemelamine muhupfu hwemukaka (n=49) hwakatarwa neELISA hwaive pakati pe0.5 ne5.5 mg/kg. Rima et al. vakaongorora melamine residues muhupfu hwemukaka ne fluorescence spectrophotometry uye vakaona kuti huwandu hwemelamine muhupfu hwemukaka hwaive pakati pe0.72–5.76 mg/kg. Chidzidzo chakaitwa muCanada muna 2011 chekutarisa huwandu hwemelamine mumukaka wevana (n=94) vachishandisa liquid chromatography (LC/MS). Kuwanda kweMelamine kwakawanikwa kuri pasi pemuganhu unotenderwa (muyero wekutanga: 0.5 mg kg−1). Hazvigoneki kuti huwandu hwe melamine hwakawanikwa hwaive nzira yakashandiswa kuwedzera huwandu hweprotein. Zvisinei, hazvigone kutsanangurwa nekushandiswa kwefetereza, kutamiswa kwezviri mumidziyo, kana zvimwe zvakafanana. Uyezve, kwakabva melamine mumukaka weupfu hwakapinzwa muCanada hakuna kuziviswa50.
Hassani nevamwe vake vakayera huwandu hwemelamine mumukaka wemukaka nemukaka wemvura mumusika weIran muna 2013 uye vakawana mhedzisiro yakafanana. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti kunze kwerudzi rumwe chete rwemukaka wemvura nemukaka wemvura, mimwe sampuli yese yakanga yakasviba nemelamine, ine huwandu hunobva pa1.50 kusvika 30.32 μg g−1 mumukaka wemvura uye 0.11 kusvika 1.48 μg ml−1 mumukaka. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti cyanuric acid haina kuonekwa mune chero sampuli, zvichideredza mukana wekuti melamine ive chepfu kune vatengi. 51 Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaongorora huwandu hwemelamine muzvigadzirwa zvechocolate zvine mukaka wemvura. Inenge 94% yemasampuli akatorwa uye 77% yemasampuli eIran aive nemelamine. Mazinga eMelamine musampuli dzakatorwa aive kubva pa0.032 kusvika 2.692 mg/kg, nepo ari musampuli dzeIran aive kubva pa0.013 kusvika 2.600 mg/kg. Kazhinji, melamine yakaonekwa mu85% yemasampuli, asi mhando imwe chete chaiyo yaive nemazinga ari pamusoro pemuganhu unobvumirwa.44 Tittlemier nevamwe vakataura mazinga emelamine muhupfu hwemukaka kubva pa0.00528 kusvika 0.0122 mg/kg.
Tafura 3 inopfupikisa mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwengozi yemapoka matatu ezera. Njodzi yacho yaive pasi pe1 mumapoka ese ezera. Saka, hapana njodzi yehutano inokonzerwa nemelamine mumukaka wevana.
Kusvibiswa kwakaderera muzvigadzirwa zvemukaka kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusvibiswa kusingatarisirwi panguva yekugadzirira, nepo huwandu hwakakwira hunogona kunge huri nekuda kwekuwedzera nemaune. Uyezve, njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu kubva pakudya zvigadzirwa zvemukaka zvine huwandu hwakaderera hwemelamine inoonekwa seyakaderera. Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kudya zvigadzirwa zvine huwandu hwakaderera hwemelamine hakupi njodzi kuhutano hwevatengi52.
Tichifunga nezvekukosha kwekutarisira kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu muindasitiri yemukaka, kunyanya panyaya yekudzivirira hutano hweveruzhinji, zvakakosha zvikuru kugadzira nekusimbisa nzira yekuongorora nekuenzanisa huwandu hwemelamine nemasara muupfu hwemukaka nefomura yevana. Nzira iri nyore uye yakarurama yeHPLC-UV spectrophotometric yakagadzirwa kuti ione melamine mufomura yevana neupfu hwemukaka. Nzira iyi yakasimbiswa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvimbika kwayo uye kururama kwayo. Miganhu yekuona nekuyera yenzira iyi yakaratidzwa kuti inonzwisisika zvakakwana kuyera huwandu hwemelamine mufomura yevana neupfu hwemukaka. Sekureva kwedata redu, melamine yakaonekwa muzvizhinji zvezviyero zveIran. Mazinga ese emelamine akaonekwa aive pasi pemiganhu yepamusoro inobvumidzwa yakaiswa neCAC, zvichiratidza kuti kudyiwa kwemhando idzi dzezvigadzirwa zvemukaka hakuisi njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu.
Makemikari ese akashandiswa aive emhando yekuongorora: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% yakachena (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); HPLC-grade acetonitrile (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); mvura yakachena kwazvo (Millipore, Morfheim, France). Mafirita emasirinji anoraswa (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, saizi yemaburi 0.45 μm, dhayamita yemembrane 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany).
Kugadzira sampuli kwakaitwa ne ultrasonic bath (Elma, Germany), centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Germany) uye HPLC (KNAUER, Germany).
Chishandiso chechromatograph chemvura chinoshanda zvakanaka (KNAUER, Germany) chakashongedzerwa neUV detector chakashandiswa. Mamiriro ekuongorora kweHPLC aive akadai: sisitimu yeUHPLC Ultimate yakashongedzerwa neODS-3 C18 analytical column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, saizi yezvikamu 5 μm) (MZ, Germany) yakashandiswa. HPLC eluent (mobile phase) yaive musanganiswa weTFA/methanol (450:50 mL) ine flow rate ye1 mL min-1. Wavelength yekuona yaive 242 nm. Vhoriyamu yejekiseni yaive 100 μL, tembiricha yecolumn yaive 20 °C. Sezvo nguva yekuchengeta mushonga iri yakareba (maminetsi gumi nemashanu), jekiseni rinotevera rinofanira kuitwa mushure memaminitsi makumi maviri nemashanu. Melamine yakaonekwa nekuenzanisa nguva yekuchengeta uye UV spectrum peak yemazinga emelamine.
Mhinduro yakajairika yemelamine (10 μg/mL) yakagadzirwa nemvura ndokuchengetwa mufiriji (4 °C) kure nechiedza. Sanganisa mhinduro yemuto nechikamu chemobile uye gadzira mhinduro dzakajairika dzinoshanda. Mhinduro yega yega yakajairika yakaiswa muHPLC kanomwe. Calibration equation 10 yakaverengerwa nekuongorora kwekudzoka kwenzvimbo yakatarwa yepeak uye huwandu hwakatsanangurwa.
Upfu hwemukaka wemombe (20 sampuro) uye sampuro dzemhando dzakasiyana dzemukaka wemombe (20 sampuro) dzakatengwa kubva kumasupamaketi emunharaunda nema pharmacy muIran kuti dzipihwe vacheche vemazera akasiyana (0-6 mwedzi, 6-12 mwedzi, uye >12 mwedzi) uye dzakachengetwa patembiricha yefiriji (4 °C) kusvika dzaongororwa. Zvadaro, 1 ± 0.01 g yeupfu hwemukaka hwakasanganiswa yakayerwa ndokusanganiswa neacetonitrile:water (50:50, v/v; 5 mL). Musanganiswa wacho wakakukurwa kwemaminitsi 1, wozoiswa mubhavhu re ultrasonic kwemaminitsi 30, uye pakupedzisira wakazununguswa kwemaminitsi 1. Musanganiswa wacho wakazoiswa mu centrifuge pa 9000 × g kwemaminitsi 10 patembiricha yemumba uye supernatant yakaseferwa mubhodhoro re 2 ml autosampler uchishandisa 0.45 μm syringe filter. Filtrate (250 μl) yakazosanganiswa nemvura (750 μl) ndokupinzwa muHPLC system10,42.
Kuti tisimbise nzira iyi, takaona kudzoreredzwa, kururama, muganho wekuona (LOD), muganho wekuyerwa (LOQ), uye kurongeka mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka. LOD yakatsanangurwa sehuwandu hwemuenzaniso hune kukwirira kwepamusoro katatu kupfuura nhanho yeruzha rwekutanga. Kune rumwe rutivi, huwandu hwemuenzaniso hune kukwirira kwepamusoro kagumi kupfuura ratio yechiratidzo-kune-ruzha hwakatsanangurwa seLOQ.
Mhinduro yemuchina yakawanikwa uchishandisa calibration curve ine data points nomwe. Zviri mukati me melamine zvakasiyana zvakashandiswa (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 na 1.2). Linearity yemaitiro ekuverenga melamine yakawanikwa. Pamusoro pezvo, mazinga akasiyana e melamine akawedzerwa kune sampuli dzisina chinhu. Calibration curve yakagadzirwa nekupinza 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 ye standard melamine solution mumasampuli evana nemukaka weupfu uye R2 yayo = 0.9925. Kurongeka kwakaongororwa nekudzokororwa uye kudzokororwa kwemaitiro uye kwakawanikwa nekupinza masampuli mumazuva ekutanga neatatu anotevera (mu triplicate). Kudzokororwa kwenzira kwakaongororwa nekuverenga RSD % yezvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana zve melamine yakawedzerwa. Zvidzidzo zvekupora zvakaitwa kuti zvionekwe kunyatsorongeka. Mwero wekupora kwemuviri nenzira yekuburitsa wakaverengerwa pamatanho matatu ehuwandu hwemelamine (0.1, 1.2, 2) mumienzaniso yemukaka wevana nemukaka wakaoma9,11,15.
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwezuva nezuva (EDI) kwakaongororwa uchishandisa fomura inotevera: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Kana Ci iri avhareji yehuwandu hwe melamine, Cc ndiyo mukaka unonwiwa uye BW ndiyo avhareji yehuremu hwevana.
Kuongororwa kwedata kwakaitwa uchishandisa SPSS 24. Kurongeka kwakaedzwa uchishandisa bvunzo yeKolmogorov-Smirnov; data rese raive bvunzo dzisiri dzeparametric (p = 0). Saka, bvunzo yeKruskal-Wallis nebvunzo yeMann-Whitney zvakashandiswa kuona mutsauko mukuru pakati pemapoka.
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