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Kufamba kwenhengo nematishu kunogona kukonzera zvikanganiso pakuiswa kwemaX-ray panguva yekurapa neradiotherapy. Nokudaro, zvinhu zvine hunhu hwemakanika uye hweradiological hwakaenzana nematishu zvinodiwa kuti zvitevedzere kufamba kwenhengo kuti radiotherapy ishande zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakadaro kuchiri dambudziko. Alginate hydrogels dzine hunhu hwakafanana nehwe extracellular matrix, zvichiita kuti dzive dzakafanana nematishu. Muchidzidzo ichi, alginate hydrogel foams dzine hunhu hwemakanika uye hweradiological hwaidiwa hwakagadzirwa nekuburitswa kweCa2+ mu situ. Chiyero chemhepo-ku-volume chakadzorwa nokungwarira kuti pave nemahydrogel foams ane hunhu hwemakanika uye hweradiological hwakatsanangurwa. Macro- uye micromorphology yezvinhu zvakatsanangurwa, uye maitiro emahydrogel foams ari pasi pekumanikidzwa akadzidzwa. Hunhu hweradiological hwakafungidzirwa nedzidziso uye hwakasimbiswa nekuyedza uchishandisa computed tomography. Chidzidzo ichi chinopa chiedza pamusoro pekuvandudzwa mune ramangwana kwezvinhu zvakafanana nematishu zvinogona kushandiswa pakugadzirisa radiation dose uye kudzora mhando panguva yeradiotherapy.
Kurapa nemwaranzi inzira yakajairika yekurapa kenza1. Kufamba kwenhengo nenyama kunowanzo konzera zvikanganiso pakuiswa kweX-ray panguva yekurapa nemwaranzi2, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kusabatwa zvakanaka kwebundu uye kupararira zvakanyanya kwemasero ane hutano akapoteredza kumwaranzi isingakoshi. Kugona kufanotaura kufamba kwenhengo nenyama kwakakosha kuderedza zvikanganiso zvenzvimbo yebundu. Chidzidzo ichi chakatarisana nemapapu, sezvo achichinja-chinja zvakanyanya kana varwere vachifema panguva yekurapa nemwaranzi. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvinhu zvakagadzika dzakagadzirwa uye dzakashandiswa kutevedzera kufamba kwemapapu evanhu3,4,5. Zvisinei, nhengo nenyama dzevanhu dzine geometri dzakaoma uye dzinovimba zvakanyanya nemurwere. Nokudaro, zvinhu zvine hunhu hwakaenzana nenyama zvinobatsira zvikuru pakugadzira mhando dzemuviri kuti dzisimbise mhando dzedzidziso, dzibatsire kuvandudzwa kwekurapwa kwekurapa, uye nekuda kwezvidzidzo zvekurapa.
Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinotevedzera mapfupa akapfava kuti zviite geometries dzakaoma dzekunze nedzemukati kwakakwezva vanhu vakawanda nekuti kusawirirana kwavo kwemuviri kunogona kukonzera kukundikana mukushandiswa kwakananga6,7. Kugadzira biomechanics dzakaoma dzemapapu, dzinosanganisa kupfava kwakanyanya, kusimba, uye porosity yechimiro, kunopa dambudziko guru mukugadzira mamodheru anobereka mapapu emunhu nemazvo. Kubatanidzwa uye kuenzaniswa kwehunhu hwemakemikari neradiological kwakakosha pakushanda zvakanaka kwemamodheru emapapu mukurapa. Kugadzira zvinowedzera kwaratidza kuti kunoshanda mukugadzira mamodheru chaiwo emurwere, zvichigonesa kukurumidza kutevedzera magadzirirwo akaomarara. Shin et al. 8 vakagadzira modheru yemapapu inodzokororwa, inoshanduka ine nzira dzemhepo dzakadhindwa ne3D. Haselaar et al. 9 vakagadzira phantom yakafanana zvikuru nevarwere chaivo yekuongorora kunaka kwemufananidzo uye nzira dzekusimbisa nzvimbo dzeradiotherapy. Hong et al10 vakagadzira modheru yeCT yechipfuva vachishandisa tekinoroji yekudhinda ye3D uye silicone casting kuti vagadzire simba reCT remaronda akasiyana-siyana emapapu kuti vaongorore kururama kwehuwandu. Zvisinei, ma prototypes aya anowanzogadzirwa nezvinhu zvine hunhu hunoshanda hwakasiyana zvikuru nehwemapapu11.
Parizvino, ma phantom mazhinji emapapu anogadzirwa ne silicone kana polyurethane foam, izvo zvisingaenderane ne mechanical uye radiological properties ye real lung parenchyma.12,13 Alginate hydrogels inoenderana nehupenyu uye yave ichishandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira tishu nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwe mechanical hunogona kugadziriswa.14 Zvisinei, kuburitsa kugadzikana kwakanyanya, kwakafanana nefuro kunodiwa kune mapapu phantom inotevedzera nemazvo e elasticity uye kuzadza kwe mapapu kuchiri dambudziko rekuyedza.
Muchidzidzo ichi, zvaifungidzirwa kuti mapfupa emapapu chinhu chakafanana. Kuwanda kwemapfupa emapapu evanhu (\(\:\rho\:\)) kunonzi kwaive 1.06 g/cm3, uye huwandu hwemapapu akafuridzirwa i0.26 g/cm315. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeYoung's modulus (MY) ​​dzemapapu dzakawanikwa uchishandisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekuedza. Lai-Fook et al. 16 vakayera YM yemapapu evanhu ne inflation yakafanana kuva 0.42–6.72 kPa. Goss et al. 17 vakashandisa magnetic resonance elastography uye vakataura kuti YM ye2.17 kPa. Liu et al. 18 vakashuma kuti YM yakayerwa zvakananga ye0.03–57.2 kPa. Ilegbusi et al. 19 vakafungidzira kuti YM yaive 0.1–2.7 kPa zvichibva padata re4D CT rakawanikwa kubva kuvarwere vakasarudzwa.
Panyaya yehunhu hwemagetsi hwemapapu, ma paramita akati wandei anoshandiswa kutsanangura maitiro ekubatana kwematishu emapapu neX-rays, kusanganisira chimiro che elemental, density ye electron (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), effective atomic number (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), mean excitation energy (\(\:I\)), mass attenuation coefficient (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) uye Hounsfield unit (HU), iyo ine chekuita zvakananga ne \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Kuwanda kwemaerekitironi \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) kunotsanangurwa sehuwandu hwemaerekitironi pahuwandu hweyuniti uye kunoverengerwa seizvi:
apo \(\:\rho\:\) iri density yezvinhu zviri mu g/cm3, \(\:{N}_{A}\) iri Avogadro constant, \(\:{w}_{i}\) iri mass fraction, \(\:{Z}_{i}\) iri atomic number, uye \(\:{A}_{i}\) iri atomic weight ye i-th element.
Nhamba yeatomu ine chekuita zvakananga nehunhu hwekudyidzana kwemwaranzi mukati mechinhu chacho. Kune makemikari nemusanganiswa une zvinhu zvakati wandei (semuenzaniso, machira), nhamba yeatomu inoshanda \(\:{Z}_{eff}\) inofanira kuverengerwa. Fomura iyi yakakurudzirwa naMurthy et al. 20:
Avhareji yesimba rekukurudzira \(\:I\) inotsanangura kuti zviri nyore sei kuti chinhu chinotarirwa chinotora simba rekinetic rezvikamu zvinopinda. Inotsanangura chete hunhu hwechinhu chinotarirwa uye haina chekuita nehunhu hwezvikamu. \(\:I\) inogona kuverengerwa nekushandisa mutemo waBragg wekuwedzera:
Chiyero chekuderedza kuwanda kwemasero \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) chinotsanangura kupinza uye kuburitswa kwesimba kwemaphoton mune chinhu chakanangana nacho. Chinogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa fomura inotevera:
Apo \(\:x\) iri ukobvu hwechinhu, \(\:{I}_{0}\) iri intensity yechiedza chechiitiko, uye \(\:I\) iri intensity yephoton mushure mekupinda muchinhu. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) data rinogona kuwanikwa zvakananga kubva kuNIST 12621 Standards Reference Database. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) kukosha kwemisanganiswa nemakomponi kunogona kuwanikwa uchishandisa mutemo wekuwedzera seizvi:
HU iyuniti isina chiyero chakajairika chekuyera huwandu hwe radiodensity mukududzira data re computed tomography (CT), iro rinoshandurwa zvakananga kubva pachiyero che attenuation chakayerwa \(\:\mu\:\). Rinotsanangurwa se:
apo \(\:{\mu\:}_{water}\) iri attenuation coefficient yemvura, uye \(\:{\mu\:}_{air}\) iri attenuation coefficient yemhepo. Saka, kubva pafomura (6) tinoona kuti HU kukosha kwemvura i0, uye HU kukosha kwemhepo i -1000. HU kukosha kwemapapu evanhu inotangira pa -600 kusvika -70022.
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaenzana netishu zvakagadzirwa. Griffith nevamwe 23 vakagadzira modhi yakafanana netishu yemuviri wemunhu yakagadzirwa nepolyurethane (PU) iyo yakawedzerwa huwandu hwakasiyana hwecalcium carbonate (CaCO3) kuti ifananidze ma coefficients e-linear attenuation yenhengo dzakasiyana dzemunhu kusanganisira mapapu emunhu, uye modhi iyi yakatumidzwa zita rekuti Griffith. Taylor24 vakapa modhi yechipiri yakafanana netishu yemapapu yakagadzirwa naLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), inonzi LLLL1. Traub nevamwe 25 vakagadzira imwe itsva inotsiva tishu yemapapu vachishandisa Foamex XRS-272 ine 5.25% CaCO3 semushonga unosimudzira mashandiro, iyo yakatumidzwa zita rekuti ALT2. Matafura 1 ne2 anoratidza kuenzanisa kwe \(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) uye mass attenuation coefficients emapapu emunhu (ICRU-44) uye ma tissue equivalent models ari pamusoro apa.
Pasinei nehunyanzvi hwakanaka hwe radiology hwakawanikwa, zvinhu zvese zve phantom zvakagadzirwa ne polystyrene foam, zvinoreva kuti hunhu hwe mechanical hwezvinhu izvi hahugone kusvika kune hwemapapu evanhu. The Young's modulus (YM) ye polyurethane foam inenge 500 kPa, iyo iri kure zvakanyanya kunaka kana ichienzaniswa nemapapu evanhu akajairwa (anenge 5-10 kPa). Saka, zvakakosha kugadzira chinhu chitsva chinogona kusangana nehunhu hwe mechanical uye radiological hwemapapu evanhu chaiwo.
Mahydrogel anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira tissue. Maumbirwo awo uye hunhu hwawo zvakafanana ne extracellular matrix (ECM) uye anogona kugadziriswa zviri nyore. Muchidzidzo ichi, pure sodium alginate yakasarudzwa se biomaterial yekugadzira furo. MaAlginate hydrogels anowirirana nehupenyu uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira tissue nekuda kwehunhu hwawo hunogadziriswa. Kuumbwa kwe sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n uye kuvapo kweCa2+ kunoita kuti hunhu hwayo hwe radiological hugadziriswe sezvinodiwa. Kusanganiswa uku kwehunhu hwe mechanical ne radiological kunoita kuti alginate hydrogels ive yakakodzera kudzidza kwedu. Ehe, ma alginate hydrogels anewo miganhu, kunyanya maererano nekugadzikana kwenguva refu panguva yekufema kwakafanana. Nokudaro, kuvandudzwa kwakawanda kunodiwa uye kunotarisirwa muzvidzidzo zveramangwana kugadzirisa miganhu iyi.
Mubasa iri, takagadzira furo realginate hydrogel rine rho inodzorwa, elasticity, uye radiological properties zvakafanana nedzemapapu evanhu. Chidzidzo ichi chichapa mhinduro yakajairika yekugadzira ma phantoms akaita senyama ane flexable elastic uye radiological properties. Hunhu hwezvinhu izvi hunogona kugadziriswa nyore nyore kuti huenderane nechero nhengo yemuviri wemunhu.
Chiyero chemhepo nevhoriyamu chefuro rehydrogel chakaverengerwa zvichibva pahuwandu hweHU hwemapapu evanhu (-600 kusvika -700). Zvaifungidzirwa kuti furo racho raive musanganiswa wemhepo nehydrogel yakagadzirwa. Uchishandisa mutemo wekuwedzera wezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), chikamu chevhoriyamu chemhepo nevhoriyamu yehydrogel yakagadzirwa zvinogona kuverengerwa.
Mafuro eAlginate hydrogel akagadzirwa achishandisa sodium alginate (Chikamu Nhamba W201502), CaCO3 (Chikamu Nhamba 795445, MW: 100.09), uye GDL (Chikamu Nhamba G4750, MW: 178.14) yakatengwa kubva kuSigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, MO. 70% Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) yakatengwa kubva kuRenowned Trading LLC. Mvura yakabviswa ion yakashandiswa mukugadzirira furo. Sodium alginate yakanyungudutswa mumvura yakabviswa ion patembiricha yemumba nekukurunga nguva dzose (600 rpm) kusvika mhinduro yero yakafanana yawanikwa. CaCO3 pamwe chete neGDL yakashandiswa senzvimbo yeCa2+ kutanga gelation. SLES 70 yakashandiswa sesurfactant kugadzira chimiro chine maburi mukati mehydrogel. Kuwanda kwealginate kwakachengetedzwa pa5% uye Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio yakachengetedzwa pa0.18. Chiyero cheCaCO3:GDL molar chakachengetwawo pa0.5 panguva yekugadzirira furo kuti pave ne pH isina kusimba. Kukosha kwacho i26. 2% nevhoriyamu yeSLES 70 yakawedzerwa kusampuli dzese. Beaker ine chivharo yakashandiswa kudzora chiyero chekusanganisa chemushonga nemhepo. Huwandu hwese hwebeaker hwaive 140 ml. Zvichibva pamhedzisiro yekuverenga dzidziso, huwandu hwakasiyana hwemusanganiswa (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) hwakawedzerwa kubeaker kuti husanganiswe nemhepo. Sampuro ine 50 ml yemusanganiswa yakagadzirirwa kusanganiswa nemhepo yakakwana, nepo huwandu hwemhepo mune mamwe sampuli maviri hwakadzorwa. Kutanga, SLES 70 yakawedzerwa kumhinduro yealginate ndokusanganiswa nemagetsi kusvika yasanganiswa zvizere. Zvadaro, CaCO3 suspension yakawedzerwa kumusanganiswa uye yakasanganiswa nguva dzose kusvika musanganiswa wasanganiswa zvizere, apo ruvara rwayo rwakachinja kuita chena. Pakupedzisira, mhinduro yeGDL yakawedzerwa kumusanganiswa kuti itange gelation, uye kusanganisa kwemuchina kwakaramba kuripo mukati mekuita uku. Pamuenzaniso une 50 ml yemusanganiswa, kusanganisa kwemuchina kwakamiswa kana huwandu hwemusanganiswa hwamira kuchinja. Pamuenzaniso une 100 ml ne 110 ml yemusanganiswa, kusanganisa kwemuchina kwakamiswa apo musanganiswa wakazadza bhodhoro. Takaedzawo kugadzira ma hydrogel foams ane huwandu huri pakati pe 50 ml ne 100 ml. Zvisinei, kusagadzikana kwechimiro chefuro kwakaonekwa, sezvo kwaichinja-chinja pakati pemamiriro ekusanganisa mhepo zvakakwana nemamiriro ekudzora huwandu hwemhepo, zvichikonzera kudzorwa kwehuwandu husingawirirani. Kusagadzikana uku kwakaunza kusava nechokwadi mukuverenga, uye nekudaro huwandu hwehuwandu hahuna kubatanidzwa muchidzidzo chino.
Kuwanda kwefoam yehydrogel kunoverengwa nekuyera huremu hwefoam yehydrogel.
Mifananidzo yemafuta ehydrogel yakatorwa nemaikorosikopu uchishandisa kamera yeZeiss Axio Observer A1. Software yeImageJ yakashandiswa kuverenga huwandu nehukuru hwemapores mumuenzaniso munzvimbo yakati zvichibva pamifananidzo yakawanikwa. Chimiro chepore chinofungidzirwa kuti chakaita denderedzwa.
Kuti tidzidze hunhu hwemakemikari hwemafuro ealginate hydrogel, bvunzo dzekudzvanya kweuniaxial dzakaitwa uchishandisa muchina weTESTRESOURCES 100 series. Sampuli dzakachekwa kuita mabhuroko erectangular uye zviyero zvebhuroko zvakayerwa kuti zviverenge kushushikana uye kusvuta. Kumhanya kwecrosshead kwakaiswa pa10 mm/min. Sampuli nhatu dzakaedzwa pamuenzaniso wega wega uye avhareji ne standard deviation zvakaverengerwa kubva pamhedzisiro. Chidzidzo ichi chakatarisana nehunhu hwemakemikari hwemafuro ealginate hydrogel sezvo tissue yemapapu ichiiswa pasi pesimba rekudzvanya pane imwe nhanho yekufema. Kuwedzera kwacho kwakakosha, kunyanya kuratidza hunhu hwakazara hwemafuro emapapu uye izvi zvichaongororwa mune zvidzidzo zveramangwana.
Sampuli dzefoam dzehydrogel dzakagadzirwa dzakaskenwa pachishandiswa Siemens SOMATOM Drive dual-channel CT scanner. Maparamita ekuskena akaiswa seizvi: 40 mAs, 120 kVp uye 1 mm slice thickness. Mafaira eDICOM akabuda akaongororwa uchishandisa MicroDicom DICOM Viewer software kuti aongorore HU values ​​​​dzezvikamu zvishanu zvemuenzaniso wega wega. HU values ​​​​dzakawanikwa neCT dzakaenzaniswa nekuverenga kwedzidziso zvichibva padata re density yemasampuli.
Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi ndechekushandura kugadzirwa kwemhando dzenhengo dzemuviri nematishu ezvebhayoloji ekugadzira zvinhu zvakapfava. Kugadzira zvinhu zvine hunhu hwemakanika uye hweradiology zvinoenderana nekushanda kwemapapu evanhu kwakakosha pakushandiswa kwakanangana nepfungwa dzakadai sekuvandudza kudzidziswa kwekurapa, kuronga kuvhiyiwa, uye kuronga kurapwa nemwaranzi. MuMufananidzo 1A, takaronga musiyano uripo pakati pehunhu hwemakanika uye hweradiology hwezvinhu zvakapfava zvinoshandiswa kugadzira mamodheru emapapu evanhu. Kusvika pari zvino, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinoratidza hunhu hweradiological hunodiwa, asi hunhu hwazvo hwemakanika hahuna kuzadzisa zvinodiwa. Polyurethane foam nerabha ndizvo zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya kugadzira mamodheru emapapu evanhu anokanganisika. Hunhu hwemakanika hwepolyurethane foam (Young's modulus, YM) hunowanzo kuve hwakakura ka10 kusvika ku100 kupfuura hwematishu emapapu evanhu akajairwa. Zvinhu zvinoratidza hunhu hwemakanika uye hweradiology hunodiwa hazvisati zvazivikanwa.
(A) Kuratidzwa kwechimiro chehunhu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakapfava uye kuenzanisa nemapapu emunhu maererano nehuremu, modulus yaYoung uye hunhu hwe radiological (muHU). (B) X-ray diffraction pattern ye \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) alginate hydrogel ine concentration ye5% uye Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio ye0.18. (C) Range of air volume ratios mu hydrogel foams. (D) Kuratidzwa kwechimiro che alginate hydrogel foams dzine air volume ratios dzakasiyana.
Kuumbwa kwezvikamu zve alginate hydrogels zvine huwandu hwe5% uye Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio ye0.18 kwakaverengerwa, uye mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa muTafura 3. Zvichienderana nemutemo wekuwedzera mufomura yapfuura (5), chiyero chekudzikira kwehuwandu hwe alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) chinowanikwa sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 1B.
Makoshero e \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) emhepo nemvura akawanikwa zvakananga kubva kuNIST 12612 standards reference database. Saka, Mufananidzo 1C unoratidza huwandu hwemhepo hwakaverengerwa mumafuro ehydrogel ane HU yakaenzana nehukuru huri pakati pe -600 ne -700 yemapapu emunhu. Chiyero chehuwandu hwemhepo chakaverengerwa chakagadzikana mukati me60-70% muhuwandu hwesimba kubva pa1 × 10−3 kusvika 2 × 101 MeV, zvichiratidza mukana wakanaka wekushandiswa kwefuro rehydrogel mumabasa ekugadzira ari pasi.
Mufananidzo 1D unoratidza sampuro ye alginate hydrogel foam yakagadzirwa. Sampuro dzese dzakachekwa kuita ma cubes ane mupendero wakareba 12.7 mm. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti foam ye hydrogel yakagadzika yakafanana, ine mativi matatu. Pasinei nehuwandu hwemhepo, hapana musiyano wakakosha pakuonekwa kwemafuro e hydrogel akaonekwa. Hunhu hwe hydrogel foam hunozvichengetedza hunoratidza kuti network yakagadzirwa mukati me hydrogel yakasimba zvakakwana kutsigira huremu hwefuro pachayo. Kunze kwekubuda kwemvura shoma kubva mufuro, furo rakaratidzawo kugadzikana kwenguva pfupi kwemavhiki akati wandei.
Nekuyera huremu nehukuru hwemuenzaniso wefuro, huwandu hwefuro rehydrogel rakagadzirwa \(\:\rho\:\) hwakaverengerwa, uye mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa muTafura 4. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kutsamira kwe \(\:\rho\:\) pahuwandu hwemhepo. Kana mhepo yakakwana ikasanganiswa ne50 ml yemuenzaniso, huwandu hwacho hunova hwakaderera uye hunova 0.482 g/cm3. Sezvo huwandu hwemhepo yakasanganiswa huchiderera, huwandu hwacho hunowedzera kusvika 0.685 g/cm3. P yakakosha pakati pemapoka e50 ml, 100 ml ne110 ml yaive 0.004 < 0.05, zvichiratidza kukosha kwehuwandu hwemhedzisiro.
Kukosha kwedzidziso \(\:\rho\:\) kunoverengerwawo uchishandisa chiyero chemhepo inodzorwa. Mhedzisiro yakayerwa inoratidza kuti \(\:\rho\:\) idiki ne 0.1 g/cm³ pane kukosha kwedzidziso. Musiyano uyu unogona kutsanangurwa nekushushikana kwemukati kunokonzerwa ne hydrogel panguva yekugadzirwa kwe gelation, izvo zvinokonzera kuzvimba uye nokudaro zvinotungamira kukudzikira kwe \(\:\rho\:\). Izvi zvakasimbiswazve nekuona mamwe maburi mukati me hydrogel foam mumifananidzo yeCT inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2 (A, B naC).
Mifananidzo ye optical microscopy yemafuro ehydrogel ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo (A) 50, (B) 100, uye (C) 110. Nhamba dzemasero uye kugoverwa kwehukuru hwemaburi mu alginate hydrogel foam samples (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Mufananidzo 3 (A, B, C) unoratidza mifananidzo ye optical microscope yemasampuli e hydrogel foam ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza chimiro che optical che hydrogel foam, ichiratidza zvakajeka mifananidzo yema pores ane dhayamita dzakasiyana. Kugoverwa kwenhamba yema pore nedhayamita kwakaverengerwa uchishandisa ImageJ. Mifananidzo mitanhatu yakatorwa pamuenzaniso wega wega, mufananidzo wega wega waive nehukuru hwe 1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, uye nzvimbo yese yakaongororwa yemuenzaniso wega wega yaive 5.7 mm².
(A) Maitiro ekumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa kwemafuro ealginate hydrogel ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo. (B) Kugadziriswa kweExponential. (C) Kumanikidzwa kweE0 kwemafuro ehydrogel ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo. (D) Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye huwandu hwemafuro ealginate hydrogel ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo.
Mufananidzo 3 (D, E, F) unoratidza kuti kugoverwa kwehukuru hwemaburi kwakafanana, kubva pamakumi ema micrometer kusvika kuma micrometer angangoita 500. Hukuru hwemaburi hwakafanana, uye hunodzikira zvishoma sezvo huwandu hwemhepo huchidzikira. Zvichienderana nedata rekuyedza, avhareji yehukuru hwemaburi esampuli ye50 ml i192.16 μm, avhareji yepakati i184.51 μm, uye huwandu hwemaburi panzvimbo yeyuniti i103; avhareji yehukuru hwemaburi esampuli ye100 ml i156.62 μm, avhareji i151.07 μm, uye huwandu hwemaburi panzvimbo yeyuniti i109; kukosha kwakafanana kwemuenzaniso we110 ml i163.07 μm, 150.29 μm uye 115, zvichiteerana. Data rinoratidza kuti maburi makuru ane simba guru pamhedzisiro yehuwandu hwemaburi, uye huwandu hwemaburi epakati hunogona kuratidza zviri nani mafambiro ekuchinja kwehukuru hwemaburi. Sezvo huwandu hwemuenzaniso huchiwedzera kubva pa50 ml kusvika pa110 ml, huwandu hwemaburi hunowedzerawo. Kubatanidza mhedzisiro yehuwandu hwemaburi epakati nenhamba yemaburi, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti nekuwedzera kwehuwandu, maburi akawanda ehukuru hudiki anoumbwa mukati memuenzaniso.
Data rekuyedza kwemakanika rinoratidzwa muMifananidzo 4A ne4D. Mufananidzo 4A unoratidza maitiro ekumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa kwemafuro ehydrogel akagadzirwa ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti sampuro dzese dzine maitiro akafanana ekumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa. Pamuenzaniso wega wega, kushushikana kunowedzera nekukurumidza nekumanikidzwa kuri kuwedzera. Mutsetse we exponential wakaiswa kune maitiro ekumanikidzwa kwekumanikidzwa kwefuro rehydrogel. Mufananidzo 4B unoratidza mhedzisiro mushure mekushandisa basa re exponential semuenzaniso unoenderana nefuro rehydrogel.
Pamafuro ehydrogel ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo, compressive modulus yavo (E0) yakaongororwawo. Kufanana nekuongororwa kwemahydrogel, compressive Young's modulus yakaongororwa muhuwandu hwe20% yekutanga strain. Mhedzisiro yekuyedza kudzvanywa inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4C. Mhedzisiro iri muMufananidzo 4C inoratidza kuti sezvo chiyero chemhepo chinoderera kubva pamuenzaniso 50 kusvika pamuenzaniso 110, compressive Young's modulus E0 yealginate hydrogel foam inowedzera kubva pa10.86 kPa kusvika 18 kPa.
Saizvozvowo, makombama akazara ekumanikidzwa-kumanikidzwa emafuro ehydrogel, pamwe chete nekumanikidzwa kwekupedzisira uye kukosha kwekumanikidzwa, akawanikwa. Mufananidzo 4D unoratidza kumanikidzwa kwekupedzisira uye kumanikidzwa kwemafuro ealginate hydrogel. Poindi yega yega yedata iavhareji yemhedzisiro mitatu yekuyedza. Mhedzisiro inoratidza kuti kumanikidzwa kwekupedzisira kunowedzera kubva pa9.84 kPa kusvika pa17.58 kPa nekudzikira kwehuwandu hwegasi. Kumanikidzwa kwekupedzisira kunoramba kwakasimba painenge 38%.
Mufananidzo 2 (A, B, naC) unoratidza mifananidzo yeCT yemafuro ehydrogel ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo hunoenderana nemasamples 50, 100, uye 110, zvichiteerana. Mifananidzo inoratidza kuti furo rehydrogel rakaumbwa rakafanana. Nhamba diki yemaburi akaonekwa mumasamples 100 ne110. Kuumbwa kwemaburi aya kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwemukati kunogadzirwa muhydrogel panguva yekugadzirwa kwegelation. Takaverenga maHU values ​​​​ezvikamu zvishanu zvemusanganiswa wega wega uye takazvinyora muTafura 5 pamwe chete nemigumisiro yekuverenga yedzidziso inoenderana.
Tafura 5 inoratidza kuti sampuli dzine huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo dzakawana huwandu hwakasiyana hweHU. Huwandu hwepamusoro hwep pakati pemapoka e50 ml, 100 ml ne110 ml hwaive 0.004 < 0.05, zvichiratidza kukosha kwehuwandu hwemhedzisiro. Pakati pesampuli nhatu dzakaedzwa, sampuli ine musanganiswa we50 ml yaive nehunhu hwe radiological hwaive pedyo nehwemapapu evanhu. Koramu yekupedzisira yeTafura 5 ndiyo mhedzisiro yakawanikwa nekuverenga kwe theoretical zvichibva pahuwandu hwefuro hwakayerwa \(\:\rho\:\). Nekuenzanisa data rakayerwa nemhedzisiro ye theoretical, zvinogona kuwanikwa kuti hunhu hweHU hwakawanikwa neCT scanning hunowanzo kuve pedyo nemhedzisiro ye theoretical, izvo zvinosimbisa mhedzisiro yekuverenga kwehuwandu hwemhepo muMufananidzo 1C.
Chinangwa chikuru chechidzidzo ichi ndechekugadzira zvinhu zvine hunhu hwemakanika uye hweradiology hwakafanana nehwemapapu evanhu. Chinangwa ichi chakaitwa nekugadzira zvinhu zvine hydrogel zvine hunhu hwemakanika uye hweradiological hwakafanana nehwemapapu evanhu. Zvichitungamirirwa nekuverenga kwedzidziso, mafoam ehydrogel ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo yakagadzirwa nekusanganisa sodium alginate solution, CaCO3, GDL uye SLES 70. Kuongorora kwechimiro kwakaratidza kuti foam ine homogeneous three-dimensional stable hydrogel foam yakagadzirwa. Nekuchinja chiyero chemhepo, huwandu uye porosity yefuro inogona kuchinja zvichienderana nezvinodiwa. Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemhepo, saizi yemapore inoderera zvishoma uye huwandu hwemapore hunowedzera. Miedzo yekumanikidza yakaitwa kuti iongorore hunhu hwemakanika hwemafoam ealginate hydrogel. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti compressive modulus (E0) yakawanikwa kubva mumiedzo yekumanikidza iri munzvimbo yakakodzera mapapu evanhu. E0 inowedzera sezvo chiyero chemhepo chinoderera. Kukosha kwezviratidzo zveX-ray (HU) zvemasampuli akagadzirwa kwakawanikwa zvichibva padata reCT remasampuli uye zvichienzaniswa nemhedzisiro yekuverenga kwedzidziso. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive yakanaka. Kukosha kwakayerwa kuri pedyowo neHU kukosha kwemapapu emunhu. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kugadzira mafoam ehydrogel anotevedzera matishu nemusanganiswa wakakodzera wezviratidzo zvemakanika uye zveX-ray zvinotevedzera hunhu hwemapapu emunhu.
Pasinei nemigumisiro inovimbisa, nzira dzekugadzira dziripo pari zvino dzinoda kuvandudzwa kuti dzive nani kudzora huwandu hwemhepo uye porosity kuti zvienderane nekufungidzira kubva pakuverenga kwedzidziso uye mapapu emunhu chaiwo pazviyero zvepasi rose nezvemunharaunda. Chidzidzo chezvino chakaganhurirwawo pakuedza michina yekumanikidza, iyo inoganhurira kushandiswa kwephantom kune chikamu chekumanikidza chekufema. Tsvagiridzo yeramangwana ingabatsirwa nekutsvaga kuyedzwa kwekumanikidzwa pamwe nekugadzikana kwese kwemuchina wezvinhu kuti vaongorore mashandisirwo anogona kuitwa pasi pemamiriro ekurodha ane simba. Pasinei nemiganhu iyi, chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuedza kwekutanga kwakabudirira kusanganisa hunhu hwe radiology ne mechanical muchinhu chimwe chete chinotevedzera mapapu emunhu.
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