Kusangana kwemakemikari kuri kuitika kwese kwese kwakatipoteredza nguva dzese—zviri pachena kana uchifunga nezvazvo, asi vangani vedu vanozviita patinotanga mota, patinobika zai, kana kuti patinoisa fetereza pahuswa hwedu?
Nyanzvi yemakemikari Richard Kong anga achifunga nezvemaitiro emakemikari. Mubasa rake se "nyanzvi yekugadzirisa," sezvaanotaura, haangofariri mhinduro dzinongomuka dzoga, asiwo kuziva mhinduro itsva.
Semudzidzi weKlarman muChemistry neChemical Biology kuKoreji yeArts and Sciences, Kong anoshanda kugadzira zvinhu zvinosimudzira mashandiro emakemikari kusvika pamhedzisiro inodiwa, achigadzira zvigadzirwa zvakachengeteka uye zvinotowedzera kukosha, kusanganisira izvo zvinogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakanaka pahutano hwemunhu. Chitatu.
"Kuwanda kwemakemikari kunoitika pasina rubatsiro," akadaro Kong, achitaura nezvekuburitswa kwecarbon dioxide kana mota dzichipisa mafuta efossil. "Asi mamwe maitiro akaomarara uye akaomarara emakemikari haangoitiki ega. Apa ndipo panotanga kushandiswa makemikari."
Kong nevamwe vake vakagadzira zvinhu zvinokonzeresa shanduko (catalysts) kuti zvitungamirire shanduko dzavaida kuti dziitike. Semuenzaniso, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi inogona kushandurwa kuita formic acid, methanol, kana formaldehyde nekusarudza chinhu chakakodzera uye kuyedza mamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzirisa shanduko.
Sekureva kwaKyle Lancaster, Purofesa weChemistry neChemical Biology (A&S) uye murongi weKong, maitiro aKong anoenderana zvakanaka nenzira ye "kutsvagisa-kutsvaga" yeLancaster's lab. "Richard aive nepfungwa yekushandisa tin kuvandudza kemesitiri yake, iyo isina kumbobvira yanyorwa muchinyorwa changu," akadaro Lancaster. "Ane catalyst inogona kushandura carbon dioxide, iyo inotaurwa nezvayo zvakanyanya mumapepanhau, kuita chimwe chinhu chinokosha."
Kong nevamwe vake munguva pfupi yapfuura vakawana nzira iyo, pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, inogona kushandura kabhoni dhayokisaidhi kuita formic acid.
"Kunyange zvazvo tisati tasvika padanho repamusoro mukuita basa redu, hurongwa hwedu hunogona kugadziriswa zvakanyanya," akadaro Kong. "Nenzira iyi, tinogona kutanga kunzwisisa zvakadzama kuti sei mamwe ma catalyst achishanda nekukurumidza kupfuura mamwe, nei mamwe ma catalyst ari nani. Tinogona kugadzirisa ma parameter ema catalyst toedza kunzwisisa chinoita kuti zvinhu izvi zvishande nekukurumidza, nekuti kana zvichishanda nekukurumidza, zvinoshanda zvakanaka, ndipo paunokwanisa kugadzira mamorekuru nekukurumidza."
Semunhu weKlarman Fellow, Kong ari kushandawo kubvisa nitrates, fetiraiza yakajairika inonyura zvine chepfu mumigero yemvura, kubva munzvimbo yakakomberedza yoishandura kuita zvinhu zvisina njodzi, akadaro.
Kong akaedza kushandisa simbi dzinowanikwa muvhu, dzakadai searuminiyamu netini, sezvinhu zvinokonzeresa kucheneswa kwezvinhu. Simbi idzi dzakachipa, hadzina chepfu uye dzakawanda muvhu, saka kudzishandisa hakuzokonzere matambudziko ekuchengetedza nharaunda, akadaro.
"Tiri kushandawo pakugadzira macatalyst apo simbi mbiri dzinodyidzana," akadaro Kong. "Nekushandisa simbi mbiri muchimiro chimwe chete, ndeapi maitiro uye maitiro anonakidza emakemikari atinogona kuwana kubva kumasisitimu e-bimetallic?"
Masango ndiwo makemikari anochengetedza simbi idzi - dzakakosha pakuvhura kugona kwesimbi idzi kuti dziite basa radzo, sekunge unoda mbatya dzakakodzera mamiriro ekunze akakodzera, akadaro Kong.
Kwemakore makumi manomwe apfuura, mwero wave uri wekushandisa nzvimbo imwe chete yesimbi kuti pave nekuchinjana kwemakemikari, asi mumakore gumi apfuura, nyanzvi dzemakemikari dziri mumunda uyu dzakatanga kuongorora kubatana kwesimbi mbiri, kungave dzemakemikari kana dziri pedyo. Kutanga, anodaro Kong, "Zvinokupa rusununguko rwakawanda."
Kong anoti ma "bimetallic catalysts" aya anopa ma chemicals mukana wekubatanidza ma "metal catalysts" zvichienderana nesimba rawo uye kusasimba kwawo. Semuenzaniso, "metal center" isingabatanidzi zvakanaka ne "substrates" asi ichityora zvisungo zvakanaka inogona kushanda neimwe "metal center" isingabatanidzi zvakanaka ne "substrates". Kuvapo kwe "second metal" kunokanganisawo hunhu hwe "first metal".
"Unogona kutanga kuwana zvatinoti mhedzisiro yekubatana pakati penzvimbo mbiri dzesimbi," akadaro Kong. "Nzvimbo ye bimetallic catalysis yatotanga kuratidza reactivity yakasiyana uye inoshamisa."
Kong akati kuchine kusanzwisisika kwakawanda pamusoro pekuti simbi dzinobatana sei mumakemikari emamorekuru. Akafarawo nekunaka kwekemikari pachayo sezvaakaitawo nemhedzisiro yacho. Kong akaunzwa kuLancaster Laboratories nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavo muX-ray spectroscopy.
"Iyi ishamwari imwe chete," akadaro Lancaster. "X-ray spectroscopy yakabatsira Richard kunzwisisa zvaiitika kuseri kwezviitiko uye chinoita kuti tin ive inoshanda zvakanyanya uye ikwanise kuita izvi. Takabatsirwa neruzivo rwake rwakakura rwemakemikari makuru eboka, izvo zvakavhurira boka mukana wekuenda kunzvimbo itsva."
Zvese zvinoenderana nekemesitiri yekutanga nekutsvaga, anodaro Kong, uye nzira iyi inogoneka kuburikidza nedzidzo yeOpen Klarman.
"Pazuva rega rega, ndinogona kuita ma "reaction" murabhoritari kana kugara pakombiyuta ndichitevedzera mamorekuru," akadaro. "Tiri kuedza kuwana mufananidzo wakakwana wekushanda kwemakemikari sezvinobvira."