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Muna 2005, hofori yezvigadzirwa zvevatengi yeColgate-Palmolive yakasiya bhizinesi rekuchenesa mbatya dzekuNorth America nekutengesa zvigadzirwa zvakaita seFab neDynamo kuPhoenix Brands. Makore matatu gare gare, imwe hofori yezvigadzirwa zvevatengi, Unilever, yakatengesa zvigadzirwa zvayo zvekushambidza zvekuAmerica zvinosanganisira All neWisk kuSun Products.
Kutengeswa kwebhizinesi rayo kumakambani maviri madiki akazvimirira kwakaita kuti musika wepamusoro weP&G mudhishi rekuwachisa mbatya muUS usave nyore kupikiswa. Zvinofadza kuti Procter & Gamble havana kuzivisa kuti vakunda.
Zvechokwadi, muna 2014, Alan G. Lafley, uyo panguva iyoyo aiva CEO weProcter & Gamble (P&G), akazvidemba nekubuda kweUnilever. Akati zvakakunda musika wepakati wemusika wedetergent, zvichiita kuti zvigadzirwa zveP&G zvive zvakanyanya kumusika wepamusoro-soro, ukuwo zvichipa zvigadzirwa zvepasi-pasi nevakwikwidzi vatatu. Procter & Gamble ikambani inotengesa mabrandi anozivikanwa akadai seTide and Gain. Inopa inoda kusvika 60% yebhizinesi redetergent rekuAmerica, asi iri ibhizinesi risingashande, uye pane musiyano mukuru wemitengo pakati pezvigadzirwa zvekambani nevanokwikwidza nayo.
Gore rakatevera, mumwe wevaikwikwidzana navo, kambani yekuGermany yeHenkel, akachinja zvinhu. Kambani iyi yakaunza mushonga wayo wekuEurope wemhando yepamusoro wePersil kuUnited States, wakatanga kutengeswa chete kuburikidza neWal-Mart, ndokuzoutanga kuzvitoro zvakaita seTarget. Muna 2016, Henkel yakavhiringidza zvinhu zvakanyanya nekutenga Sun Products.
Kutangwa kwePersil kwakavandudza bhizimisi rekuwachisa mbatya, asi zvinogona kukurumidza kupfuura zvaitarisirwa naLafley. Muna Chivabvu wadarika, apo magazini ye "Consumer Report" yakadoma chimwe chezvigadzirwa zvitsva zvaHenkel, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, iyo sipo inoshanda zvakanyanya muAmerica, iye nevamwe vakuru veP&G vanofanira kunge vakashamisika. Mhemberero yekugadzwa kwechigaro cheumambo yakasundira Tide panzvimbo yechipiri kekutanga mumakore.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) vakagadzirazve chigadzirwa chavo chekutanga chine mukurumbira weTide Ultra Stain Release muna 2016. Kambani iyi yakati yakawedzera ma surfactants ndokubvisa mvura, zvikaita kuti pave nefomula yakakora uye yakabatana inogona kuvandudza kubviswa kwemavara. Magazini iyi yakati chigadzirwa ichi ndicho chakatungamira pane ongororo yakatevera yeConsumer Reports, kunyangwe zvisiri zvakakosha pahuwandu.
Consumer Reports munguva pfupi yapfuura yakanyora Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent uye Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 semasipoji maviri akanakisa ekuwachisa mbatya muUnited States. C&EN ichaongorora zvinoshandiswa zvinokonzera mamiriro aya, pamwe nemashandisirwo azvo nevagadziri.
Consumer Reports munguva pfupi yapfuura yakanyora Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent uye Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 semasipoji maviri akanakisa ekuwachisa mbatya muUnited States. C&EN ichaongorora zvinoshandiswa zvinokonzera mamiriro aya, pamwe nemashandisirwo azvo nevagadziri.
Hazvisati zvanyanya kutaurwa kana Henkel achapikisa P&G zvakanyanya kune vatengi vekuAmerica vanotenga sipo yekuwachisa yemhando yepamusoro. Asi kana nyanzvi dzemakemikari dzeP&G dzichinzwa kusagutsikana nekuda kwekushaya makwikwi, dzichabviswa zvachose.
Shoaib Arif, maneja webasa rekushandisa uye tekinoroji kuSurfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, akatsanangura kuti muUnited States, Tide nePersil zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvebhizinesi uye zvinogona kukamurwa kuita nhanho ina dzekushanda. Mumakore apfuura, Arif nevamwe masayendisiti ePilot vakabatsira makambani mazhinji emidziyo yemumba kugadzira sipo itsva nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa.
Mumusika wepasi, sipo inodhura zvakanyanya. Sekureva kwaArif, inogona kunge iine surfactant yakachipa chete, senge linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) pamwe chete nekuravira nemavara. Danho rinotevera rechigadzirwa rinogona kuwedzera zvinhu zvinobatsira kana zvinovaka surfactant, zvakaita sesodium citrate, tackifier uye surfactant yechipiri.
LABS imushonga weanionic surfactant, unoshanda zvakanaka pakubvisa zvidimbu kubva mumachira uye unoshanda zvakanaka pajira redonje. Mushonga wechipiri unoshandiswa zvakanyanya iethanol ethoxylate, mushonga usiri weionic surfactant, unoshanda kupfuura LABS, kunyanya pakubvisa mafuta netsvina kubva mumafiber ekugadzira.
Muchikamu chechitatu, maformulator anogona kuwedzera maoptical brighteners nemutengo wakaderera zvishoma. Maoptical brighteners aya anotora chiedza cheultraviolet ochiburitsa munzvimbo yebhuruu kuti mbatya dziite sedzakajeka. Ma surfactants ari nani, ma chelating agents, mamwe ma builders uye ma anti-redeposition polymers anowanzo kuwanikwa mumafomu akadaro, ayo anogona kubata tsvina kubva mumvura yekugeza kudzivirira kuti isarasike pajira zvakare.
Sipo dzinodhura zvikuru dzinozivikanwa nekuwanda kwesurfactant uye mamwe masurfactant akasiyana-siyana, akadai sealcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid sipo uye cations. Mapolymers ekunze anotora ivhu (mamwe akagadzirirwa makambani akadai seProcter & Gamble naHenkel) uye maenzymes anowirawo muchikamu ichi.
Zvisinei, Arif anonyevera kuti kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvinosanganisa zvinhu kunounza matambudziko azvo. Kusvika pamwero wakati, kugadzira sipo isayenzi, uye masayendisiti anoziva mhando yemakemikari, akadai sekushanda kwepamusoro pezvinhu zvinosanganisa zvinhu zvinosvibisa.
Akatsanangura kuti: “Zvisinei, kana fomura yacho yangogadzirwa, zvinhu izvi zvese zvinozokanganisana, uye haugone kufanotaura chaizvo kuti fomura yekupedzisira ichaita sei.” “Uchiri kufanira kuedza kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti inoshanda muhupenyu chaihwo.”
Semuenzaniso, ma surfactants nevagadziri vanogona kudzivirira mashandiro ema enzyme, akadaro Arif. Ma detergent formulators anogona kushandisa ma enzyme stabilizers (akadai se sodium borate ne calcium formate) kugadzirisa dambudziko iri.
Franco Pala, nyanzvi yezvekutsvagisa yeBattelle's World Detergent Project, akataura kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwesurfactant hunowanikwa mumabhurandi emhando yepamusoro edetergent hunogonawo kukonzera matambudziko. "Hazvisi nyore kuwedzera masurfactant akawanda kudaro nehuwandu hwakawanda kudaro," Pala akatsanangura. Kunyungudika kunova dambudziko, uye kusawirirana kwakashata pakati pemasurfactant kunovawo dambudziko.
Chirongwa cheBattelle chine vatengi vakawanda chaitungamirwa naPala chakatanga kutanga kwema1990 nekuongorora kuumbwa kwemhando huru dzezvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa pasi rose. Battelle inoshandisa michina yakawanda yesainzi kubatsira varidzi vezvigadzirwa nevatengesi vezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa kuti vanzwisise, semuenzaniso, mwero we ethoxylation yema surfactants kana kuti musana we surfactant wakaita semutsetse kana kuti wakakura.
Para akati nhasi uno, mapolymer ndiwo manyuko akakosha ekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva muzvishandiso zvesipo. Semuenzaniso, zvigadzirwa zveTide nePersil zvine polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, inova polymer inonwisa tsvina yakagadzirwa neBASF yeProcter & Gamble, asi ikozvino yava kuwanikwa zvakanyanya kune vagadziri vesipo.
Pala akataura kuti ma copolymer e terephthalic acid anowanikwawo mune mamwe masipo emhando yepamusoro, ayo anofukidza jira panguva yekuwacha, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubvisa mavara netsvina panguva yekuwacha inotevera. Battelle anoshandisa maturusi akadai se gel permeation chromatography kupatsanura ma polymers uye obva ashandisa infrared spectroscopy kuona chimiro chawo.
Chirongwa cheBattelle chinonyatso tarisawo ma enzyme, ayo ari zvigadzirwa zve biotech izvo vagadziri vanoramba vachivandudza gore rega rega. Kuti vaongorore mashandiro e enzyme, timu yaPala yakaisa enzyme iyi kune substrate ine chromophore. Kana enzyme ikakanganisa substrate, chromophore inoburitswa uye inoyerwa ne absorption kana fluorescence spectroscopy.
Mapuroteni anorwisa mapuroteni ndiwo maenzyme ekutanga akaiswa mu detergents mukupera kwema1960. Maenzyme akazowedzerwa mu arsenal aisanganisira amylase, iyo inoora starch, uye mannanase, iyo inoparadza thickeners ye guar gum. Kana chikafu chine guar (senge ice cream ne barbecue sauce) chikadururirwa pambatya, chewing gum icharamba iri pambatya kunyangwe mushure mekusukwa. Inoiswa mujira uye inoshandiswa seglue yetsvina yakachekwa, zvichiita kuti pave nemavanga akaoma kubvisa.
Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 neTide Ultra Stain Release zvose zvine protease, amylase nemannanase.
Persil inewo lipase (inogona kuora mafuta) uye cellulase (inogona kucheneswa zvisina kunanga nekunyungudutsa mamwe ma glycosidic bonds mukotoni faibha) kubvisa tsvina yakabatana nefaibha. Cellulase inogonawo kunyorovesa donje uye kunatsiridza kupenya kweruvara rwayo. Panguva imwe chete, zvichienderana nemagwaro epatenti, chinhu chinoshamisa chetidal detergent iglucanase, iyo inogona kuora polysaccharides iyo amylase isingakwanise kuora.
Novozymes neDuPont vanga vachigadzira ma enzymes kwenguva refu, asi BASF ichangobva kupinda mubhizinesi iri muchimiro cheproteases. Pamusangano weCleaning Products Conference wakaitwa muGermany mwaka wekupera, BASF yakakurudzira kusanganiswa kweprotease yayo itsva ne polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, ichiti musanganiswa uyu unopa kushanda kwakanaka kune vatengi vanoda kugadzira sipo dzekugezesa pakupisa kwakaderera.
Kutaura zvazviri, Arif nevamwe vanoongorora musika vanoti kubvumira vagadziri vemaseseji kugadzira zvinhu zvinoda simba shoma kana kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kubva kuzvinhu zvakasikwa ndiyo miganhu inotevera muindasitiri. Muna Chivabvu gore rapera, P&G yakatanga Tide Purclean, rudzi rwechiratidzo chayo chine mukurumbira, umo 65% yezvinhu zvinobva mumiti. Zvadaro, muna Gumiguru, Unilever yakatenga Seventh Generation, mugadziri wemaseseji emiti nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa, kuti ipinde zvakare mumusika wemaseseji emuUS.
Kunyangwe kushandura zvinhu zvakanakisisa kuita sipo dzakahwina mibairo kuchigara kuri dambudziko, "maitiro ari kuitwa nhasi anongoitika echisikigo," akadaro Arif. "Vatengi vari kubvunza kuti, 'Tinogadzira sei zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo zvisina chepfu kune vanhu nenharaunda, asi zvichiri kushanda zvakanaka?'