Mafekitori esimende akaita seari kuratidzwa pano ndiwo anonyanya kukonzera carbon dioxide inopisa pamamiriro ekunze. Asi zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvinosvibisa zvinogona kushandurwa kuita mhando itsva yemafuta. Munyu uyu unogona kuchengetwa zvakachengeteka kwemakumi emakore kana kupfuura.
Iyi inyaya imwe iri munhevedzano inotarisa matekinoroji matsva nezviito zvinogona kunonotsa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kuderedza migumisiro yayo, kana kubatsira nharaunda kugadzirisa nyika inochinja nekukurumidza.
Mabasa anoburitsa kabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO2), gasi rinopisa pasi rose, anobatsira mukudziya kwemhepo yepasi. Pfungwa yekubvisa CO2 mumhepo nekuichengeta haisi itsva. Asi zvakaoma kuzviita, kunyanya kana vanhu vachikwanisa kuitenga. Sisitimu itsva inogadzirisa dambudziko rekusvibiswa kweCO2 nenzira yakasiyana zvishoma. Inoshandura gasi rinopisa mamiriro ekunze nemakemikari kuita mafuta.
Musi wa15 Mbudzi, vaongorori vekuMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) muCambridge vakaburitsa mhedzisiro yavo inoshamisa mumagazini inonzi Cell Reports Physical Science.
Sisitimu yavo itsva yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri. Chikamu chekutanga chinosanganisira kushandura kabhoni diokisijeni kubva mumhepo kuita molekyuru inonzi formate kuti igadzire mafuta. Kufanana nekabhoni diokisijeni, formate ine atomu imwe chete yekabhoni nemaatomu maviri eokisijeni, pamwe neatomu imwe chete yehydrogen. Formate inewo zvimwe zvinhu zvakati wandei. Chidzidzo chitsva ichi chakashandisa munyu weformate, unobva musodium kana potassium.
Mazhinji emafuel cell anoshandisa hydrogen, gasi rinobvira rinoda mapaipi nematangi ane pressurized kuti ritakurwe. Zvisinei, mafuel cell anogonawo kushanda paformate. Formate ine simba rakaenzana nehydrogen, sekureva kwaLi Ju, nyanzvi yezvekushandisa akatungamira kugadzirwa kwesystem itsva. Formate ine zvimwe zvakanakira kupfuura hydrogen, akadaro Li Ju. Yakachengeteka uye haidi kuchengetwa kwepressure yakakwira.
Vaongorori veMIT vakagadzira fuel cell kuti vaedze formate, yavanoburitsa kubva kucarbon dioxide. Kutanga, vakasanganisa munyu nemvura. Musanganiswa wacho wakazoiswa mufuel cell. Mukati mefuel cell, formate yakaburitsa maerekitironi mukuita kwemakemikari. Maerekitironi aya aiyerera kubva ku negative electrode yefuel cell kuenda ku positive electrode, zvichipedzisa circuit yemagetsi. Maerekitironi aya anoyerera—magetsi—aivepo kwemaawa mazana maviri panguva yekuedza.
Zhen Zhang, nyanzvi yezvesainzi yezvinhu anoshanda naLi kuMIT, ane tariro yekuti timu yake ichakwanisa kuwedzera tekinoroji itsva mukati memakore gumi.
Chikwata chevanoongorora cheMIT chakashandisa nzira yemakemikari kushandura kabhoni dhayokisaidhi kuita chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira mafuta. Kutanga, vakaiisa mumushonga une alkaline yakawanda. Vakasarudza sodium hydroxide (NaOH), inozivikanwa se lye. Izvi zvinokonzera makemikari anoburitsa sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), inozivikanwa se baking soda.
Vakabva vabatidza simba. Simba remagetsi rakatanga maitiro matsva emakemikari akapatsanura atomu yega yega yeokisijeni mumorekuru yebaking soda, zvichisiya sodium formate (NaCHO2). Sisitimu yavo yakashandura kabhoni yese iri muCO2 - inopfuura 96 ​​muzana - kuita munyu uyu.
Simba rinodiwa kubvisa okisijeni rinochengetwa muzvisungo zvemakemikari zveformate. Purofesa Li akataura kuti formate inogona kuchengetedza simba iri kwemakumi emakore isingarasikirwe nesimba ringangoitika. Inobva yagadzira magetsi kana ichipfuura nemusero wemafuta. Kana magetsi anoshandiswa kugadzira formate achibva musimba rezuva, remhepo kana remvura, magetsi anogadzirwa nesero remafuta achava sosi yesimba rakachena.
Kuti awedzere tekinoroji itsva, Lee akati, "tinofanira kuwana zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvejeologiya zve lye." Akadzidza nezverudzi rwedombo rinonzi alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Kana matombo aya akasanganiswa nemvura, anoshanduka kuita lye.
Farzan Kazemifar iinjiniya paSan Jose State University muCalifornia. Tsvagiridzo yake inotarisa pakuchengetedza carbon dioxide mumunyu uri pasi pevhu. Kubvisa carbon dioxide mumhepo kwagara kuri kwakaoma uye nekudaro kunodhura, anodaro. Saka zvinobatsira kushandura CO2 kuita zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa senge formate. Mutengo wechigadzirwa unogona kudzikamisa mutengo wekugadzira.
Kwave nekutsvagurudzwa kwakawanda pakubata kabhoni diokisijeni kubva mumhepo. Semuenzaniso, chikwata chemasayendisiti paLehigh University munguva pfupi yapfuura chakatsanangura imwe nzira yekusefa kabhoni diokisijeni kubva mumhepo uye kuishandura kuita baking soda. Mamwe mapoka ekutsvagurudza ari kuchengeta CO2 mumatombo akakosha, achiishandura kuita kabhoni yakasimba iyo inogona kugadzirwa kuita ethanol, mafuta edoro. Mazhinji emapurojekiti aya madiki uye haasati ave nemhedzisiro yakakura pakuderedza huwandu hwakawanda hwekabhoni diokisijeni mumhepo.
Mufananidzo uyu unoratidza imba inoyerera necarbon dioxide. Mudziyo unoratidzwa pano unoshandura carbon dioxide (mamorekuru ari mumabubble matsvuku nemachena) kuita munyu unonzi formate (mabubble ebhuruu, matsvuku, machena, nematema). Munyu uyu unogona kushandiswa mu fuel cell kugadzira magetsi.
Kazemifar akati sarudzo yedu yakanakisa ndeye "kuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo inopisa kutanga." Imwe nzira yekuita izvozvo ndeyekutsiva mafuta efossil nemagetsi anogona kushandiswazve semhepo kana zuva. Ichi chikamu chekuchinja kunonzi nemasayendisiti "kubvisa kabhoni." Asi akawedzera kuti kumisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kunoda nzira yakawanda. Iyi tekinoroji itsva inodiwa kuti itore kabhoni munzvimbo dzakaoma kubvisa kabhoni, akadaro. Tora mill dzesimbi nemafekitori esimende, kutaura mienzaniso miviri.
Chikwata cheMIT chinoonawo mabhenefiti ekubatanidza tekinoroji yavo itsva nesimba rezuva nemhepo. Mabhatiri echinyakare akagadzirirwa kuchengetedza simba kwemavhiki panguva. Kuchengetedza chiedza chezuva muzhizha munguva yechando kana kupfuura kunoda nzira yakasiyana. "Nemafuta eformate," akadaro Lee, hausisiri kungogumira pakuchengetedza mwaka wega wega. "Zvinogona kunge zvichiitika kubva kuzvizvarwa kusvika kumakore."
Zvingasapenya segoridhe, asi "Ndinogona kusiya matani mazana maviri ... efomate kuvanakomana nevanasikana vangu," akadaro Lee, "senhaka."
Alkaline: Chirevo chinotsanangura chinhu chemakemikari chinoumba maion ehydroxide (OH-) mumushonga. Mhinduro idzi dzinonziwo alkaline (kusiyana neacidic) uye dzine pH inodarika 7.
Aquifer: Ibwe rinoumbwa rinogona kuchengetedza matangi emvura ari pasi pevhu. Izwi iri rinoshandawo kumabheseni ari pasi pevhu.
Basalt: Dombo dema rinoputika iro rinowanzova rakakora zvikuru (kunze kwekunge kuputika kwegomo kwakasiya gasi rakakura mariri).
chisungo: (mukemistri) kubatana kwehafu-chigarire pakati pemaatomu (kana mapoka emaatomu) mumorekuru. Kunoumbwa nemasimba anokwezva pakati pemaatomu anobatanidzwa. Kana zvisungo zvangoumbwa, maatomu anoshanda seyuniti. Kuti aparadzanise maatomu aripo, simba riri muchimiro chekupisa kana imwe mwaranzi rinofanira kupihwa kumamorekuru.
Kabhoni: Chinhu chemakemikari chinova hwaro hwehupenyu hwese panyika. Kabhoni inowanikwa zvakasununguka muchimiro chegraphite nedhaimani. Chinhu chakakosha chemarasha, limestone, uye peturu, uye inokwanisa kuzvibatanidza nemakemikari kuti igadzire mamorekuru akasiyana-siyana ane kukosha kwemakemikari, zvipenyu, uye zvekutengeserana. (Mukutsvagisa kwemamiriro ekunze) Izwi rekuti kabhoni dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa zvakafanana nekabhoni dhaiokisijeni kureva kukanganisa kunogona kuita chiito, chigadzirwa, mutemo, kana maitiro pakupisa kwenguva refu kwemhepo.
Kabhoni dhayidhiyokisi: (kana kuti CO2) imhepo isina ruvara, isina hwema inogadzirwa nemhuka dzese kana okisijeni yadzinofema ikasangana nechikafu chine kabhoni yakawanda chadzinodya. Kabhoni dhayidhiyokisi inoburitswawo kana zvinhu zvipenyu, kusanganisira mafuta efossil akadai semafuta kana gasi rechisikigo, zvapiswa. Kabhoni dhayidhiyokisi imhepo inodziya pasi inosunga kupisa mumhepo yepasi. Zvirimwa zvinoshandura kabhoni dhayidhiyokisi kuita okisijeni kuburikidza nefotosinthesisi uye zvinoshandisa nzira iyi kugadzira chikafu chazvo.
Simende: Chinobatanidza zvinhu zviviri pamwe chete, zvichiita kuti zviome kuita chinhu chakasimba, kana kuti guruu gobvu rinoshandiswa kubatanidza zvinhu zviviri pamwe chete. (Kuvaka) Chinhu chakakuyiwa zvakanaka chinoshandiswa kubatanidza jecha kana dombo rakapwanyika pamwe chete kuti chigadzire kongiri. Simende inowanzogadzirwa sehupfu. Asi kana yanyorova, inoshanduka kuita matope anooma kana yaoma.
Kemikari: Chinhu chinoumbwa nemaatomu maviri kana anopfuura akabatanidzwa (akabatanidzwa) muchikamu chakatarwa uye chimiro. Semuenzaniso, mvura chinhu chinoumbwa nemaatomu maviri ehydrogen akabatanidzwa kune atomu rimwe chete reokisijeni. Fomura yayo yemakemikari iH2O. "Chemical" inogona kushandiswawo sechinongedzo kutsanangura hunhu hwechinhu chinokonzerwa nekuita kwakasiyana-siyana pakati pemakemikari akasiyana.
Chisungo chemakemikari: Simba rekukwezvana pakati pemaatomu rakasimba zvakakwana kuti zvinhu zvakabatana zvishande sechikamu chimwe chete. Zvimwe zvinokwezva hazvina simba, zvimwe zvakasimba. Zvisungo zvese zvinoita sezvinobatanidza maatomu nekugovana (kana kuedza kugovana) maerekitironi.
Maitiro emakemikari: Maitiro anosanganisira kurongwazve kwemamorekuru kana maumbirwo echinhu pane kuchinja chimiro chemuviri (semuenzaniso, kubva pachinhu chakaoma kuenda kugasi).
Kemistri: bazi resainzi rinoongorora kuumbwa, chimiro, hunhu, uye kudyidzana kwezvinhu. Masayendisiti anoshandisa ruzivo urwu kudzidza zvinhu zvisingazivikanwe, kubereka zvinhu zvinobatsira zvakawanda, kana kugadzira nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvinobatsira. (zvemakemikari) Kemistri inorevawo fomura yechinhu, nzira yachinogadzirwa nayo, kana zvimwe zvehunhu hwacho. Vanhu vanoshanda mubasa iri vanonzi machemist. (musainzi yemagariro evanhu) kugona kwevanhu kushandira pamwe, kuwirirana, uye kunakidzwa nekuva pamwe chete.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze: Kuchinja kukuru kwenguva refu kwemamiriro ekunze ePasi. Izvi zvinogona kuitika zvakasikwa kana kuti nekuda kwemabasa evanhu, kusanganisira kupisa mafuta ekare uye kuchenesa masango.
Kubvisa kabhoni: zvinoreva kuchinja nemaune kubva pakushandisa matekinoroji, mabasa, uye simba rinoburitsa magasi anokonzerwa nekabhoni, akadai sekabhoni dioxide nemethane, mumhepo. Chinangwa ndechekuderedza huwandu hwemagasi anokonzera shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Magetsi: Kufamba kwechaji yemagetsi, kazhinji kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwezvikamu zvine chaji isina kunaka zvinonzi maerekitironi.
Electron: chinhu chine simba rakaipa chinowanzo tenderera nzvimbo yekunze yeatomu; ndicho chinotakura magetsi muzvinhu zvakasimba.
Injiniya: Munhu anoshandisa sainzi nemasvomhu kugadzirisa matambudziko. Kana ikashandiswa sechiito, izwi rekuti injiya rinoreva kugadzira chishandiso, zvinhu, kana maitiro ekugadzirisa dambudziko kana chinodiwa chisina kuzadzikiswa.
Ethanol: Doro, rinonziwo ethyl alcohol, ndiro rinova hwaro hwezvinwiwa zvinodhaka zvakaita sedoro, waini, nezvinwiwa zvinonwiwa. Rinoshandiswawo semushonga wekupisa uye mafuta (semuenzaniso, kazhinji rinosanganiswa nepeturu).
Sefa: (n.) Chimwe chinhu chinobvumira zvimwe zvinhu kuti zvipfuure uye zvimwe zvipfuure, zvichienderana nehukuru hwazvo kana humwe hunhu. (v.) Maitiro ekusarudza zvimwe zvinhu zvichibva pahunhu hwakaita sehukuru, huwandu, chaji, nezvimwewo. (mufizikisi) Chidzitiro, ndiro, kana rukoko rwechinhu chinotora chiedza kana imwe mwaranzi kana kudzivirira zvimwe zvezvikamu zvacho kuti zvipfuure.
Formate: Izwi rekuti munyu kana maester eformic acid, rudzi rwemafuta acid akasanganiswa. (Ester chinhu chinobva kucarbon chinoumbwa nekutsiva maatomu ehydrogen emaacids nemamwe marudzi eorganic. Mafuta mazhinji nemafuta anokosha maester emafatty acids anongoitika echisikigo.)
Mafuta ezvisaririra: Chero mafuta, akadai semarasha, peturu (mafuta asina kucheneswa), kana gasi rechisikigo, akaumbwa kwemamiriyoni emakore mukati meNyika kubva mumarara emabhakitiriya, zvirimwa, kana mhuka.
Mafuta: Chero chinhu chinoburitsa simba kuburikidza nemakemikari anodzorwa kana kuti nuclear reaction. Mafuta ezvisaririra (marasha, gasi rechisikigo, nemafuta) mafuta akajairika anoburitsa simba kuburikidza nemakemikari reactions kana apiswa (kazhinji kusvika pakutsva).
Sero remafuta: Mudziyo unoshandura simba remakemikari kuita simba remagetsi. Mafuta anonyanya kushandiswa ihydrogen, iyo chete inobuda kubva pairi imvura inopfungaira.
Geology: Chirevo chinotsanangura zvese zvine chekuita nechimiro chepasi, zvinhu zvaro, nhoroondo, uye maitiro anoitika pariri. Vanhu vanoshanda mubasa iri vanonzi mageology.
Kudziya kwepasi rose: Kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kwekupisa kwepasi rose nekuda kwemhedzisiro yegreenhouse. Mhedzisiro yacho inokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwecarbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, nemamwe magasi ari mumhepo, mazhinji acho anoburitswa nemabasa evanhu.
Hydrogen: Chinhu chakareruka kupfuura zvimwe zvose muchadenga. Segasi, harina ruvara, harinhuwi, uye rinobvira moto zvakanyanya. Inhengo yezvinhu zvakawanda zvinopa simba, mafuta, uye makemikari anoumba nyama mhenyu. Rine proton (nucleus) uye erekitironi rinoitenderera.
Kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva: (v. kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva; adj. kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva) Kugadzirisa kana kuvandudza pfungwa, maitiro, kana chigadzirwa chiripo kuti chive chitsva, chakangwara, chinoshanda zvakanaka, kana chinobatsira zvakanyanya.
Lye: Zita remushonga we sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Lye inowanzo sanganiswa nemafuta emuriwo kana mafuta emhuka nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa kugadzira sipo yemubhawa.
Nyanzvi yezvezvinhu: Muongorori anodzidza hukama huripo pakati pemaumbirwo eatomu nemamorekuru echinhu uye hunhu hwacho hwese. Nyanzvi yezvezvinhu inogona kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva kana kuongorora zviripo. Kuongorora hunhu hwechinhu chose, senge kuwanda, simba, uye pokunyunguduka, kunogona kubatsira mainjiniya nevamwe vaongorori kusarudza zvinhu zvakanakisa zvekushandisa zvitsva.
Molekyulu: Boka remaatomu asina simba remagetsi rinomiririra huwandu hudiki hwemakemikari. Mamorekuru anogona kuumbwa nerudzi rumwe rweatomu kana marudzi akasiyana emaatomu. Semuenzaniso, okisijeni iri mumhepo inoumbwa nemaatomu maviri eokisijeni (O2), uye mvura inoumbwa nemaatomu maviri ehydrogen neatomu rimwe chete reokisijeni (H2O).
Zvinosvibisa: Chinhu chinosvibisa chimwe chinhu, zvakaita semhepo, mvura, vanhu, kana chikafu. Zvimwe zvinosvibisa makemikari, zvakaita semishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Zvimwe zvinosvibisa zvinogona kuva mwaranzi, kusanganisira kupisa kwakanyanya kana chiedza. Kunyangwe sora nedzimwe mhando dzemhuka dzinogona kutorwa semhando ye biofouling.
Simba: Chirevo chinoreva chimwe chinhu chakasimba kana chine simba guru (senge utachiona, chepfu, mushonga, kana asidhi).
Inogona Kuvandudzwa: Chirevo chinoreva chiwanikwa chinogona kutsiviwa nekusingaperi (senge mvura, zvirimwa zvakasvibira, chiedza chezuva, nemhepo). Izvi zvinopesana nezviwanikwa zvisingadzokororwi, izvo zvine huwandu hushoma uye zvinogona kupera. Zviwanikwa zvisingadzokororwi zvinosanganisira mafuta (nemamwe mafuta ekare) kana zvinhu zvisingawanzoonekwi uye zvicherwa.