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Kuwedzera kweshale mumatangi emvura akagadzirwa nesimbi kunokonzera matambudziko makuru, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana kwenzvimbo. Nekuda kwezvikonzero zvezvakatipoteredza, kushandiswa kwemvura inocherwa ine zvinodzivirira shale zvinowedzerwa kunofarirwa kupfuura mvura inocherwa ine mafuta. Zvinwiwa zveIonic (ILs) zvakakwezva kutariswa kukuru sezvinodzivirira shale nekuda kwehunhu hwazvo hunogona kugadziriswa uye hunhu hwakasimba hwemagetsi. Zvisinei, zvinwiwa zveIonic (ILs) zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvinwiwa zvekuchera, zvakaratidza kuti zvine chepfu, hazviore uye zvinodhura. Zvinwiwa zveDeep Eutectic (DES) zvinoonekwa senzira inodhura zvishoma uye isina chepfu pane zvinwiwa zveIonic, asi zvichiri kushaya simba rekuchengetedza nharaunda. Kufambira mberi munguva pfupi yapfuura munzvimbo iyi kwakaita kuti pave nekuunzwa kwezvinwiwa zveNatural Deep Eutectic (NADES), zvinozivikanwa neushamwari hwazvo hwechokwadi nenharaunda. Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora maNADES, ane citric acid (semugamuchiri wehydrogen bond) uye glycerol (semupi wehydrogen bond) sezvinowedzera mvura yekucherwa. Mvura yekuboora yakagadzirwa zvichienderana neAPI 13B-1 uye mashandiro ayo akaenzaniswa nemvura yekuboora yakagadzirwa nepotassium chloride, mvura yeionic inobva kuimidazolium, uye mvura yekuboora inobva kucholine chloride:urea-DES. Hunhu hwefizikisi hweNADES dzakatsanangurwa zvakadzama. Hunhu hwerheological, kurasikirwa kwemvura, uye hunhu hwekudzivirira shale hwemvura yekuboora zvakaongororwa panguva yekudzidza, uye zvakaratidzwa kuti pakuwanda kwe3% NADESs, chiyero che yield stress/plastic viscosity (YP/PV) chakawedzerwa, ukobvu hwekeke remudhaka hwakaderedzwa ne26%, uye huwandu hwefiltrate hwakaderedzwa ne30.1%. Zvinoshamisa kuti, NADES yakawana chiyero chinoshamisa chekudzivirira kuwedzera kwe49.14% uye yakawedzera kugadzirwa kweshale ne86.36%. Mhedzisiro iyi inokonzerwa nekukwanisa kweNADES kugadzirisa basa repamusoro, zeta potential, uye interlayer spacing yeclays, izvo zvinokurukurwa mupepa rino kuti tinzwisise mashandiro aripo. Mvura iyi inochera inotarisirwa kuchinja indasitiri yekuchera nekupa imwe nzira isina chepfu, isingadhuri, uye inoshanda zvikuru panzvimbo pemishonga yekudzivirira ngura yeshale, zvichigadzira nzira yemiitiro yekuchera isina njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza.
Shale idombo rine hunyanzvi hunoshanda senzvimbo yekuchengetera mahydrocarbon, uye chimiro chayo chine maburi1 chinopa mukana wekugadzira nekuchengetera zviwanikwa izvi zvinokosha. Zvisinei, shale yakapfuma muzvicherwa zvevhu zvakaita semontmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite neillite, izvo zvinoita kuti ive nekuzvimba kana yaiswa mumvura, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana kwezvicherwa panguva yekuchera2,3. Matambudziko aya anogona kutungamira kune nguva isingabudisi (NPT) uye matambudziko akawanda ekushanda anosanganisira mapaipi akanamatira, kurasikirwa nekutenderera kwevhu, kudonha kwezvicherwa uye kusvibiswa kwezvidimbu, zvichiwedzera nguva yekudzoreredza uye mutengo. Netsika, zvicherwa zvemafuta (OBDF) zvave zviri sarudzo inosarudzwa yekugadzirwa kwezvicherwa nekuda kwekukwanisa kwadzo kudzivirira kukura kwezvicherwa4. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwezvicherwa zvemafuta kunosanganisira mitengo yakakwira uye njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza. Zvicherwa zvekugadzira (SBDF) zvakaonekwa seimwe nzira, asi kukodzera kwazvo pakupisa kwakanyanya hakugutsi. Mvura inocherwa nemvura (WBDF) mhinduro inokwezva nekuti yakachengeteka, ine hushamwari kune nharaunda, uye inodhura zvishoma pane OBDF5. Mishonga yakasiyana-siyana inodzivirira shale yakashandiswa kuwedzera kugona kweWBDF kudzivirira shale, kusanganisira mishonga yechinyakare yakadai sepotassium chloride, lime, silicate, uye polymer. Zvisinei, mishonga iyi ine miganho pakushanda kwayo uye kukanganisa nharaunda, kunyanya nekuda kwekuwanda kweK+ mu potassium chloride inhibitors uye pH sensitivity ye silicates. 6 Vaongorori vakaongorora mukana wekushandisa ionic liquids sekuwedzera kwemvura inocherwa kuti vavandudze rheology yemvura inocherwa uye kudzivirira kuzvimba kweshale uye kuumbwa kwe hydrate. Zvisinei, mvura iyi ionic, kunyanya iyo ine imidazolyl cations, inowanzova ine chepfu, inodhura, haiori, uye inoda maitiro akaoma ekugadzirira. Kuti vagadzirise matambudziko aya, vanhu vakatanga kutsvaga imwe nzira inodhura uye ine hushamwari kune nharaunda, izvo zvakaita kuti pave ne deep eutectic solvents (DES). DES musanganiswa we eutectic unoumbwa nemupi wehydrogen bond (HBD) uye hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) pachiyero chemolar netembiricha chaiyo. Misanganiswa iyi ye eutectic ine nzvimbo dzekunyunguduka dzakaderera pane zvikamu zvayo, kunyanya nekuda kwekudzikiswa kwemari kunokonzerwa nehydrogen bonds. Zvinhu zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira lattice energy, entropy change, uye kusangana pakati peanions neHBD, zvinoita basa guru mukuderedza nzvimbo yekunyunguduka kweDES.
Muzvidzidzo zvekare, zvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakawedzerwa mumvura inocherwa mvura kuti igadzirise dambudziko rekuwedzera kweshale. Semuenzaniso, Ofei nevamwe vakawedzera 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), iyo yakaderedza zvakanyanya ukobvu hwekeke remudhaka (kusvika ku50%) uye yakaderedza kukosha kweYP/PV ne11 patembiricha dzakasiyana. Huang nevamwe vakashandisa ionic liquids (kunyanya, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide uye 1,2-bis(3-hexylimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) pamwe chete neNa-Bt particles uye yakaderedza zvakanyanya kuzvimba kweshale ne86.43% uye 94.17%, zvichiteerana12. Pamusoro pezvo, Yang nevamwe vakawedzera. vakashandisa 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide uye 1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide kuderedza kuzvimba kweshale ne16.91% uye 5.81%, zvichiteerana. 13 Yang nevamwe vakashandisawo 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide uye vakaderedza kuwedzera kweshale ne31.62% ukuwo vachiramba vachipora shale pa40.60%. 14 Pamusoro pezvo, Luo nevamwe vakashandisa 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate kuderedza kuzvimba kweshale ne80%. 15, 16 Dai nevamwe vakashandisa ionic liquid copolymers kudzivirira shale uye vakawana kuwedzera kwe18% mukupora kwemutsara zvichienzaniswa neamine inhibitors. 17
Zvinwiwa zveIonic pachazvo zvine zvimwe zvazvakaipira, izvo zvakaita kuti masayendisiti vatsvage dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda zvakanaka pane ionic liquids, uye nokudaro DES yakazvarwa. Hanjia ndiye akatanga kushandisa deep eutectic solvents (DES) ine vinyl chloride propionic acid (1:1), vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic acid (1:2), uye 3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + vinyl chloride (1:1:2), iyo yakadzivisa kuzvimba kwebentonite ne68%, 58%, uye 58%, zvichiteerana18. Mukuyedza kwemahara, MH Rasul akashandisa 2:1 ratio yeglycerol nepotassium carbonate (DES) uye akaderedza zvakanyanya kuzvimba kwemasampuli eshale ne87%19,20. Ma akashandisa urea:vinyl chloride kuderedza zvakanyanya kuwedzera kweshale ne67%.21 Rasul et al. Kusanganiswa kweDES nepolymer kwakashandiswa sedual-action shale inhibitor, iyo yakawana shale inhibition effect yakanaka22.
Kunyangwe deep eutectic solvents (DES) ichiwanzoonekwa senzira yekudyara panzvimbo peionic liquids, inewo zvinhu zvinogona kuva nengozi zvakaita seammonium salts, izvo zvinoita kuti kusawirirana kwavo nezvakatipoteredza kuve nemubvunzo. Dambudziko iri rakaita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwe natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Dzichiri kurongwa seDES, asi dzakaumbwa nezvinhu zvechisikigo nemunyu, zvinosanganisira potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), Epsom salts (MgSO4.7H2O), nezvimwewo. Kusanganiswa kwakawanda kweDES neNADES kunovhura nzvimbo yakakura yekutsvagisa munzvimbo iyi uye kunotarisirwa kuwana mashandisirwo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Vaongorori vakati wandei vakabudirira kugadzira masanganiswa matsva eDES ayo akabudirira mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, Naser et al. 2013 vakagadzira potassium carbonate-based DES uye vakadzidza hunhu hwayo hwethermophysical, iyo yakazowana mashandisirwo munzvimbo dzekudzivirira hydrate, kuwedzera kwemvura mukuchera, delignification, uye nanofibrillation. 23 Jordy Kim nevamwe vake vakagadzira NADES ine ascorbic acid uye vakaongorora hunhu hwayo hwe antioxidant mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana. 24 Christer nevamwe vake vakagadzira NADES ine citric acid uye vakaona kugona kwayo semubatsiri wezvigadzirwa zve collagen. 25 Liu Yi nevamwe vake vakapfupikisa kushandiswa kweNADES senzira yekubvisa uye chromatography muongororo yakazara, nepo Misan nevamwe vake vakakurukura nezvekushandiswa kwakabudirira kweNADES muchikamu chezvekudya zvekurima. Zvakakosha kuti vaongorori vemvura yekuchera vatange kutarisisa kushanda kweNADES mukushandiswa kwavo. Muna 2023, Rasul nevamwe vake vakashandisa musanganiswa wakasiyana wezvinhu zvakasikwa zvakadzika zve eutectic solvents zvichibva pa ascorbic acid26, calcium chloride27, potassium chloride28 uye Epsom salt29 uye vakawana kudzikamiswa kwakanaka kweshale uye kudzoreredzwa kweshale. Chidzidzo ichi ndechimwe chezvidzidzo zvekutanga zvakaratidza kuti NADES (kunyanya citric acid ne glycerol-based formula) inodzivirira shale zvine hushamwari uye zvinoshanda muzvinwiwa zvinochera mvura, izvo zvine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwezvakatipoteredza, kugona kudzivirira shale uye kushanda kwemvura zviri nani zvichienzaniswa nezvinodzivirira zvechinyakare zvakaita seKCl, zvinwiwa zvinodzivirira imidazolyl-based ionic uye DES yechinyakare.
Chidzidzo ichi chichasanganisira kugadzirira mukati meNADES ine citric acid (CA) ichiteverwa netsanangudzo yakadzama ye physicochemical uye kushandiswa kwayo sekuwedzera kwemvura yekuboora kuti vaongorore hunhu hwemvura yekuboora uye kugona kwayo kudzivirira kuzvimba. Muchidzidzo ichi, CA ichashanda sehydrogen bond acceptor ukuwo glycerol (Gly) ichashanda sehydrogen bond donor yakasarudzwa zvichibva paMH screening criteria yekuumbwa/kusarudzwa kweNADES mu shale infraction studies30. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) uye zeta potential (ZP) zviyero zvichajekesa kudyidzana kweNADES-clay uye mashandiro ari pasi pekudzivirira kuzvimba kwevhu. Pamusoro pezvo, chidzidzo ichi chichaenzanisa CA NADES ine based drilling fluid neDES32 zvichibva pa1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl uye choline chloride:urea (1:2) kuti vaongorore kushanda kwavo mukudzivirira shale uye kuvandudza mashandiro emvura yekuboora.
Citric acid (monohydrate), glycerol (99 USP), uye urea zvakatengwa kubva kuEvaChem, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, uye potassium chloride zvakatengwa kubva kuSigma Aldrich, Malaysia. Maumbirwo emakemikoro ese anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Dhayagiramu yegirini inoenzanisa makemikari makuru anoshandiswa muchidzidzo ichi: imidazolyl ionic liquid, choline chloride (DES), citric acid, glycerol, potassium chloride, uye NADES (citric acid neglycerol). Tafura yemakemikari akashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi inoratidzwa muTafura 1. Mutafura, kemikari yega yega inoongororwa zvichibva pachepfu, kuora kwehupenyu, mutengo, uye kuchengetedzeka kwezvakatipoteredza.
Maumbirwo emakemikoro ezvinhu zvakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi: (a) citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) choline chloride, uye (d) glycerol.
Vaya vanoda hydrogen bond donor (HBD) uye hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) kuti vagadzire CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) vakasarudzwa nokungwarira zvichienderana neMH 30 selection criteria, iyo yakagadzirirwa kuvandudza NADES se effective shale inhibitors. Zvichienderana ne criteria iyi, zvikamu zvine nhamba huru yevaya vanoda hydrogen bond ne acceptors pamwe ne polar functional groups zvinoonekwa sezvakakodzera kusimudzira NADES.
Pamusoro pezvo, ionic liquid [EMIM]Cl uye choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) zvakasarudzwa kuti zvienzaniswe muchidzidzo ichi nekuti zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya sezvinhu zvinosanganisa mvura yekuboorera33,34,35,36. Pamusoro pezvo, potassium chloride (KCl) yakaenzaniswa nekuti inodzivirira yakajairika.
Citric acid neglycerol zvakasanganiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvemolar kuti zviwane musanganiswa we eutectic. Kuongorora kwakaratidzwa kwakaratidza kuti musanganiswa we eutectic waive mvura yakafanana, yakajeka isina turbidity, zvichiratidza kuti hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ne hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) zvakasanganiswa zvinobudirira mu eutectic composition iyi. Kuedza kwekutanga kwakaitwa kuti vaone maitiro ekupisa anoenderana nemaitiro ekusanganisa HBD neHBA. Zvichienderana nemabhuku aripo, huwandu hwemusanganiswa we eutectic hwakaongororwa patembiricha nhatu dzakatarwa pamusoro pe50 °C, 70 °C ne100 °C, zvichiratidza kuti tembiricha ye eutectic inowanzova pakati pe50–80 °C. Mettler digital balance yakashandiswa kuyera nemazvo zvikamu zveHBD neHBA, uye Thermo Fisher hot plate yakashandiswa kupisa nekukurunga HBD neHBA pa100 rpm pasi pemamiriro akadzorwa.
Hunhu hwethermophysical hwe synthesized deep eutectic solvent (DES) yedu, kusanganisira density, surface tension, refractive index, uye viscosity, zvakayerwa nemazvo pamusoro pehuwandu hwetembiricha kubva pa289.15 kusvika 333.15 K. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti huwandu hwetembiricha uhwu hwakasarudzwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuganhurirwa kwemidziyo iripo. Ongororo yakazara yakabatanidza kudzidza kwakadzama kwehunhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwethermophysical hweiyi NADES formula, zvichiratidza maitiro avo pamusoro pehuwandu hwetembiricha. Kutarisa pane huwandu hwetembiricha iyi chaiyo kunopa ruzivo nezvehunhu hweNADES hwakakosha zvakanyanya kune akati wandei mashandisirwo.
Kusimba kwepamusoro kweNADES kwakagadzirwa kwakayerwa kubva pa289.15 kusvika 333.15 K uchishandisa chiyereso chekubatanidza kusimba (IFT700). Madonhwe eNADES anoumbwa mukamuri yakazadzwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemvura uchishandisa tsono ye capillary pasi pemamiriro chaiwo ekupisa uye kumanikidzwa. Masisitimu emazuva ano ekufungidzira anounza ma parameter akakodzera ejometri kuti averenge kusimba kwepakati pechiso achishandisa Laplace equation.
Chishandiso cheATAGO refractometer chakashandiswa kuona refractive index yeNADES itsva yakagadzirwa pamusoro pekupisa kuri pakati pe289.15 ne333.15 K. Chishandiso ichi chinoshandisa thermal module kudzora tembiricha kuti chiongorore mwero wekudzika kwechiedza, zvichibvisa kudiwa kwemvura inodziya nguva dzose. Nzvimbo yeprism ye refractometer inofanira kucheneswa uye mhinduro yemuenzaniso inofanira kugoverwa zvakaenzana pamusoro payo. Gadzirisa nemhinduro inozivikanwa, wobva waverenga refractive index kubva pachiratidziro.
Kupenya kweNADES kwakagadzirwa kwakayerwa pamusoro pekupisa kwe289.15 kusvika 333.15 K uchishandisa Brookfield rotational viscometer (cryogenic type) pachiyero che30 rpm uye saizi yespindle ye6. Viscometer inoyera viscometer nekuona torque inodiwa kuti spindle itenderedzwe nekumhanya kwakafanana musampuli yemvura. Mushure mekunge sampuro yaiswa pachiratidziro pasi pespindle uye yasimbiswa, viscometer inoratidza viscometer mu centipoise (cP), ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvehunhu hwe rheological hwemvura.
Chiyero chemuchina wekuyeresa mvura chinotakurika chinonzi DMA 35 Basic chakashandiswa kuona huwandu hwemvura inonyungudika (NDEES) yakagadzirwa patembiricha iri pakati pe289.15–333.15 K. Sezvo mudziyo wacho usina hita yakavakirwa mukati, inofanira kupiswa kusvika patembiricha yakatarwa (± 2 °C) usati washandisa NADES density meter. Dhirowa kanenge 2 ml yemuenzaniso kuburikidza nechubhu, uye huwandu hwacho huchaonekwa ipapo ipapo pachiratidziro. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehita yakavakirwa mukati, mhedzisiro yekuyera ine chikanganiso che± 2 °C.
Kuti tiongorore pH yeNADES ichangobva kugadzirwa muhurefu hwe289.15–333.15 K, takashandisa Kenis benchtop pH meter. Sezvo pasina mudziyo wekudziisa wakavakirwa mukati, NADES yakatanga yadziiswa kusvika patembiricha yaidiwa (±2 °C) uchishandisa hotplate uye yozoyerwa zvakananga ne pH meter. Nyika pH meter probe zvizere muNADES uye nyora kukosha kwekupedzisira mushure mekunge kuverenga kwagadzikana.
Kuongororwa kweThermogravimetric (TGA) kwakashandiswa kuongorora kugadzikana kwekupisa kwezvinonyungudutsa zvakadzika zveeutectic (NADES). Mienzaniso yakaongororwa panguva yekupisa. Kushandisa chiyero chakanyatsojeka uye kunyatsotarisa maitiro ekupisa, kwakagadzirwa mufananidzo wekurasikirwa kwehukuru uchienzaniswa nekupisa. NADES yakapiswa kubva pa0 kusvika 500 °C pachiyero che1 °C paminiti.
Kuti utange maitiro acho, sampuro yeNADES inofanira kusanganiswa zvakanaka, kusanganiswa, uye kubviswa hunyoro pamusoro. Sampuro yakagadzirirwa inozoiswa muTGA cuvette, iyo inowanzogadzirwa nezvinhu zvisina simba zvakaita sealuminium. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mhedzisiro yakarurama, zvishandiso zveTGA zvinoongororwa uchishandisa zvinhu zvekutarisa, kazhinji zviyero zvehuremu. Kana zvaongororwa, kuyedza kweTGA kunotanga uye sampuro inopiswa nenzira inodzorwa, kazhinji nechiyero chakafanana. Kuramba uchitarisa hukama huripo pakati pehuremu hwesampuro netembiricha chikamu chakakosha chekuyedza. Zvishandiso zveTGA zvinounganidza data pamusoro petembiricha, huremu, nezvimwe zvakaita sekuyerera kwegasi kana tembiricha yesampuro. Kana kuyedza kweTGA kwapera, data rakaunganidzwa rinoongororwa kuti rione shanduko muhuremu hwesampuro sebasa retembiricha. Ruzivo urwu runokosha pakuona tembiricha dzine chekuita nekuchinja kwemuviri nemakemikari musampuro, kusanganisira maitiro akadai sekunyunguduka, kupwa, oxidation, kana kuora.
Mvura yekuchera mvura yakagadzirwa nokungwarira zvichienderana neAPI 13B-1 standard, uye musanganiswa wayo chaiwo wakanyorwa muTafura 2 kuti utariswe. Citric acid neglycerol (99 USP) zvakatengwa kubva kuSigma Aldrich, Malaysia kuti zvigadzire natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Pamusoro pezvo, potassium chloride (KCl) inoshandiswa ne shale inhibitor (KCl) yakatengwawo kubva kuSigma Aldrich, Malaysia. 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) ine kuchena kweinopfuura 98% yakasarudzwa nekuda kwemhedzisiro yayo yakakosha mukuvandudza rheology yemvura yekuchera uye shale inhibition, iyo yakasimbiswa muzvidzidzo zvekare. KCl ne ([EMIM]Cl) zvese zvichashandiswa mukuenzanisa ongororo yekuongorora mashandiro eNADES ekudzivisa shale.
Vaongorori vazhinji vanosarudza kushandisa bentonite flakes kudzidza nezvekuputika kweshale nekuti bentonite ine boka rimwe chete re "montmorillonite" rinokonzera kuzvimba kweshale. Kuwana sampuro dzemukati meshale chaidzo kwakaoma nekuti maitiro ekugadzira shale anokanganisika, zvichikonzera sampuro dzisiri shale zvachose asi dzinowanzo kuve nemusanganiswa wematombo ejecha nematombo emestone. Pamusoro pezvo, sampuro dzeshale dzinowanzo shaya mapoka emontmorillonite anokonzera kuzvimba kweshale uye nekudaro hadzina kukodzera kuyedza kudzivirira kuzvimba.
Muchidzidzo ichi, takashandisa zvidimbu zvebentonite zvakagadziriswazve zvine dhayamita inosvika 2.54 cm. Zvidimbu zvakagadzirwa nekudzvanya 11.5 gramu yesodium bentonite powder mu hydraulic press pa 1600 psi. Ukobvu hwezvidimbu hwakayerwa nemazvo usati waiswa mu linear dilatometer (LD). Zvidimbu zvakazonyudzwa mumasampuli emvura inoboorwa, kusanganisira sampuli dzebase uye sampuli dzakapinzwa ne inhibitors dzinoshandiswa kudzivirira kuzvimba kweshale. Kuchinja kweukobvu hwezvidimbu kwakazoongororwa nokungwarira uchishandisa LD, nekuyerwa kwakanyorwa pamasekondi makumi matanhatu kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana.
Kupararira kweX-ray kwakaratidza kuti kuumbwa kwebentonite, kunyanya chikamu chayo che47% chemontmorillonite, chinhu chakakosha pakunzwisisa hunhu hwayo hwe geology. Pakati pezvikamu zvemontmorillonite zvebentonite, montmorillonite ndiyo chikamu chikuru, ichiumba 88.6% yezvikamu zvese. Panguva iyi, quartz inoumba 29%, illite inoumba 7%, uye carbonate inoumba 9%. Chikamu chidiki (chinenge 3.2%) musanganiswa weillite nemontmorillonite. Pamusoro pezvo, ine zvinhu zvidiki zvakaita seFe2O3 (4.7%), silver aluminosilicate (1.2%), muscovite (4%), uye phosphate (2.3%). Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hudiki hweNa2O (1.83%) uye iron silicate (2.17%) huripo, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kunzwisisa zvizere zvikamu zvebentonite nehuwandu hwazvo.
Chikamu chino chekudzidza chakakwana chinotsanangura hunhu hwerheological uye filtration yemasampuli emvura yekuboora yakagadzirwa uchishandisa natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) uye inoshandiswa sekuwedzera kwemvura yekuboora pahuwandu hwakasiyana (1%, 3% uye 5%). Masamples eNADES based slurry akazoenzaniswa uye akaongororwa nemasamples eslurry anosanganisira potassium chloride (KCl), CC:urea DES (choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) uye ionic liquids. Zviyero zvakakosha zvakaverengerwa muchidzidzo ichi kusanganisira kuverenga kwe viscosity kwakawanikwa uchishandisa FANN viscometer vasati vasangana nemamiriro ekukwegura pa100°C ne150°C. Kuyerwa kwakatorwa nekumhanya kwakasiyana kwekutenderera (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm uye 600 rpm) zvichibvumira kuongororwa kwakazara kwemaitiro emvura yekuboora. Data rakawanikwa rinogona kushandiswa kuona hunhu hwakakosha senge yield point (YP) uye plastic viscosity (PV), izvo zvinopa ruzivo rwekushanda kwemvura pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Kuongororwa kwekusefa kwemhepo ine pressure yakakwira (HPHT) pa400 psi ne150°C (tembiricha dzakajairika mumatsime ekupisa kwakakwira) kunoratidza mashandiro ekusefa (ukobvu hwekeke uye huwandu hwesefa).
Chikamu chino chinoshandisa michina yemazuva ano, iyo Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), kuti iongorore zvakakwana hunhu hwekudzivirira kuzvimba kweshale hwemvura yedu inochera mvura. Iyo LSM muchina wemazuva ano une zvikamu zviviri: plate compactor uye linear dilatometer (modhi: M4600). Maplate eBentonite akagadzirwa kuti aongororwe achishandisa Grace Core/Plate Compactor. Iyo LSM inopa data rekukurumidzira kuzvimba pamaplate aya, zvichibvumira kuongororwa kwakazara kwehunhu hwekudzivirira kuzvimba kweshale. Miedzo yekuwedzera kweshale yakaitwa mumamiriro ekunze, kureva, 25°C uye 1 psia.
Kuyedzwa kwekugadzikana kweshale kunosanganisira bvunzo huru inowanzonzi bvunzo yekudzoreredza shale, bvunzo yekudipudza shale kana bvunzo yekupararira kweshale. Kutanga kuongorora uku, zvidimbu zveshale zvinoparadzaniswa pachidzitiro cheBSS chenhamba 6 uye zvinoiswa pachidzitiro chenhamba 10. Zvimedu zvinozoiswa mutangi rekubata kwazvinosanganiswa nemvura yepasi nedhaka rekuboorera rine NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Danho rinotevera nderekuisa musanganiswa muovheni kuti upise zvakanyanya, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvidimbu nedhaka zvasanganiswa zvakanaka. Mushure memaawa gumi nematanhatu, zvidimbu zvinobviswa kubva mupump nekubvumira shale kuora, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuremu hwezvidimbu. Bvunzo yekudzoreredza shale yakaitwa mushure mekunge zvidimbu zveshale zvabatwa mudhaka rekuboorera pa150°C uye 1000 psi. inch mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana.
Kuti tiongorore kudzoserwa kwedope reshale, takarisefa nepahwindo rakapfava (40 mesh), ndokuzorigeza zvakanaka nemvura, uye pakupedzisira takariomesa muovheni. Maitiro aya anoedza nekushingaira anotibvumira kufungidzira dope rakawanikwa tichienzanisa nehuremu hwepakutanga, pakupedzisira tichiverenga huwandu hwedope reshale rakawanikwa zvinobudirira. Kwakabva shale samples kubva kuNiah District, Miri District, Sarawak, Malaysia. Miedzo yekupararira nekudzoserwa isati yaitwa, shale samples dzakaongororwa zvakakwana neX-ray diffraction (XRD) kuti dzione kuti ivhu radzo rakagadzirwa sei uye dzisimbise kukodzera kwadzo kuongororwa. Kuumbwa kwemaminerari evhu emuenzaniso ndekwekuti: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, vermiculite 10%, uye mica 19%.
Kusimba kwemvura pamusoro pemvura chinhu chakakosha chinodzora kupinda kwemvura muma micropores e shale kuburikidza ne capillary action, izvo zvichadzidzwa zvakadzama muchikamu chino. Pepa rino rinoongorora basa rekusimba kwemvura pamusoro pemvura mukubatana kwechinhu chemvura inocherwa, richiratidza simba rayo guru pakuita kwekuchera, kunyanya kudzivirira shale. Takashandisa interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) kuyera nemazvo kusimba kwemvura inocherwa, zvichiratidza chikamu chakakosha chemaitiro emvura mukati mekudzivirira shale.
Chikamu chino chinokurukura zvakadzama nezve d-layer spacing, inova daro riri pakati pe aluminosilicate layers ne aluminosilicate layer imwe chete muvhu. Ongororo iyi yakafukidza masampuro ematope akanyorova ane 1%, 3% uye 5% CA NADES, pamwe ne3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl uye 3% CC:urea based DES kuti ienzaniswe. X-ray diffractometer yemazuva ano (D2 Phaser) inoshanda pa40 mA uye 45 kV ine Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54059 Å) yakaita basa rakakosha mukunyora peaks dze diffraction dze X-ray dzemasampule eNa-Bt akanyorova neakaoma. Kushandiswa kweBragg equation kunogonesa kusarudzwa kwakarurama kwe d-layer spacing, nokudaro ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pemaitiro evhu.
Chikamu chino chinoshandisa chishandiso cheMalvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP chemhando yepamusoro kuyera kugona kwezeta nemazvo. Ongororo iyi yakapa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pehunhu hwechaji yemasampuli ematope akasanganiswa ane 1%, 3%, uye 5% CA NADES, pamwe ne3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, uye 3% CC:urea-based DES yekuenzanisa ongororo. Mhedzisiro iyi inobatsira pakunzwisisa kwedu kugadzikana kwemakomponi ecolloidal uye kudyidzana kwawo mumvura.
Mienzaniso yevhu yakaongororwa vasati vasangana nechinhu chenatural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) uye mushure mekusangana nacho pachishandiswa Zeiss Supra 55 VP field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) ine energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Kugadziriswa kwemifananidzo kwaive 500 nm uye simba re electron beam raive 30 kV uye 50 kV. FESEM inopa mufananidzo wepamusoro-soro wechimiro chepamusoro uye hunhu hwemaumbirwo evhu. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuwana ruzivo nezvemhedzisiro yeNADES pamienzaniso yevhu nekuenzanisa mifananidzo yakawanikwa vasati vasangana nayo uye mushure mekusangana nayo.
Muchidzidzo ichi, tekinoroji yekuongorora maelektroni emuchadenga (FESEM) yakashandiswa kuongorora mhedzisiro yeNADES pamasampuli evhu padanho re microscope. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi ndechekujekesa mashandisirwo angangoita maNADES uye mhedzisiro yayo pachimiro chevhu uye saizi yepakati pezvikamu, izvo zvichapa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekutsvagisa munharaunda iyi.
Muchidzidzo ichi, mitsetse yekukanganisa yakashandiswa kutsanangura nemaziso kusiyana uye kusava nechokwadi kweavhareji yepercent error (AMPE) mumamiriro ekuyedza. Pane kuronga mitsetse yeAMPE yega yega (sezvo kuronga mitsetse yeAMPE kuchigona kuvharidzira mafambiro uye kuwedzera mitsetse midiki), tinoverenga mitsetse yekukanganisa tichishandisa mutemo we5%. Iyi nzira inoita kuti mitsetse yekukanganisa yega yega inomiririra nguva iyo 95% confidence interval uye 100% yeAMPE values ​​​​inotarisirwa kudonha, nokudaro ichipa pfupiso yakajeka uye yakapfupika yekugoverwa kwedata kwemamiriro ekuyedza ega ega. Kushandisa mitsetse yekukanganisa zvichibva pamutemo we5% nokudaro kunovandudza kududzirwa uye kuvimbika kwemifananidzo uye kunobatsira kupa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemhedzisiro uye zvazvinoreva.
Mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvakadzika zve eutectic solvents (NADES), zvinhu zvakakosha zvakadzidzwa zvakanyatsonaka panguva yekugadzirira mukati meimba. Zvinhu izvi zvakakosha zvinosanganisira tembiricha, molar ratio, uye kumhanya kwekusanganisa. Kuedza kwedu kunoratidza kuti kana HBA (citric acid) neHBD (glycerol) zvasanganiswa pamolar ratio ye1:4 pa50°C, musanganiswa we eutectic unoumbwa. Chinhu chinosiyanisa musanganiswa we eutectic ndechekuti unoonekera, wakafanana, uye kusavapo kwesediment. Saka, danho iri rinokosha rinoratidza kukosha kwemolar ratio, tembiricha, uye kumhanya kwekusanganisa, pakati pazvo molar ratio ndiyo yaive chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirira DES neNADES, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2.
Refractive index (n) inoratidza chiyero chekumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum nekumhanya kwechiedza mune imwe nzira yechipiri, ine denser medium. Refractive index inonyanya kukosha kune natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) kana tichifunga nezvekushandiswa kwe optically sensitive mashandisirwo akadai se biosensors. Refractive index yeNADES yakadzidzwa pa25 °C yaive 1.452, iyo yakaderera zvinoshamisa pane ye glycerol.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti refractive index yeNADES inoderera nekupisa, uye maitiro aya anogona kutsanangurwa nemazvo nefomula (1) neMufananidzo 3, nekukanganisa kwepakati pehuwandu (AMPE) kusvika 0%. Maitiro aya anoenderana nekupisa anotsanangurwa nekudzikira kwe viscosity uye density pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti chiedza chifambe nepakati nekumhanya kwakanyanya, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwe refractive index (n). Mhedzisiro iyi inopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukushandiswa kweNADES mukuona kwemaziso, zvichiratidza kugona kwavo kushandisa biosensor applications.
Kusimba kwenzvimbo, uko kunoratidza katsika kemvura yemvura kuderedza nzvimbo yayo, kwakakosha zvikuru pakuongorora kukodzera kwezvinyungudutsi zvemvura zvakadzika (NADES) zvekushandisa pa capillary pressure-based. Chidzidzo chekusimba kwenzvimbo yekupisa pakati pe25–60 °C chinopa ruzivo rwakakosha. Pa25 °C, kusimba kwenzvimbo yeNADES ine citric acid kwaive 55.42 mN/m, iyo yakaderera zvakanyanya pane yemvura neglycerol. Mufananidzo 4 unoratidza kuti kusimba kwenzvimbo yekupisa kunoderera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwekupisa. Chiitiko ichi chinogona kutsanangurwa nekuwedzera kwesimba re molecular kinetic uye kudzikira kunotevera kwemasimba anokwezva epakati pemamorekuru.
Kuderera kwemutsara kwesimba repamusoro kwakaonekwa muNADES dzakadzidzwa kunogona kuratidzwa zvakanaka ne equation (2), iyo inoratidza hukama hwemasvomhu hwepakutanga muhuwandu hwekupisa hwe25–60 °C. Girafu iri muMufananidzo 4 inoratidza zvakajeka mafambiro esimba repamusoro nekupisa ne absolute mean percentage error (AMPE) ye1.4%, iyo inoyera kururama kwehuwandu hwesimba repamusoro hwakataurwa. Mhedzisiro iyi ine zvakakosha pakunzwisisa maitiro eNADES uye mashandisirwo ayo anogona kuitwa.
Kunzwisisa simba rehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvakadzika mu eutectic solvents (NADES) kwakakosha kuti zviite nyore kushandisa muzvidzidzo zvakawanda zvesainzi. Huwandu hweNADES hwakavakirwa pa citric acid pa 25°C i1.361 g/cm3, iyo yakakwira kupfuura huwandu hweglycerol. Musiyano uyu unogona kutsanangurwa nekuwedzera hydrogen bond acceptor (citric acid) kuglycerol.
Tichitora maNADES ane citrate semuenzaniso, huwandu hwayo hunoderera kusvika pa1.19 g/cm3 pa60°C. Kuwedzera kwesimba rekinetic pakupisa kunoita kuti maNADES molecules apararire, zvichiita kuti agare muhuwandu hwakawanda, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu. Kudzikira kwehuwandu kunoratidza hukama hwakati wandei nekuwedzera kwekupisa, izvo zvinogona kuratidzwa nemazvo nefomula (3). Mufananidzo 5 unoratidza zvakajeka hunhu uhwu hwekuchinja kwehuwandu hweNADES ne absolute mean percentage error (AMPE) ye1.12%, iyo inopa chiyero chehuwandu chekururama kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakataurwa.
Kupenya kwemvura (viscosity) isimba rinokwezva riri pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvemvura iri kufamba uye rinoita basa guru mukunzwisisa kushanda kwezvinonyungudutsa zvemvura zvakadzika (NADES) mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana. Pa25 °C, kupenya kweNADES kwaive 951 cP, iyo yakakwira kupfuura yeglycerol.
Kudzikira kwe viscosity kunoonekwa nekupisa kuri kuwedzera kunonyanya kutsanangurwa nekuderera kwemasimba anokwezva ari pakati pemamorekuru. Chiitiko ichi chinoguma nekuderera kwe viscosity yemvura, maitiro anoratidzwa zvakajeka muMufananidzo 6 uye akayerwa neEquation (4). Zvinonyanya kukosha, pa60°C, viscosity inodonha kusvika ku898 cP ne mean percentage error (AMPE) ye1.4%. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwe viscosity uchienzaniswa netembiricha muNADES kwakakosha zvikuru pakushandiswa kwayo.
pH yemushonga, inoonekwa ne negative logarithm ye hydrogen ion concentration, yakakosha, kunyanya mukushandiswa kwe pH-sensitive senge DNA synthesis, saka pH yeNADES inofanira kudzidzwa zvakanaka usati washandisa. Tichitora citric acid-based NADES semuenzaniso, pH ine acidity yakasarudzika ye1.91 inogona kuonekwa, iyo inopesana zvakanyanya ne pH isina neutral ye glycerol.
Zvinofadza kuti pH ye natural citric acid dehydrogenase soluble solvent (NADES) yakaratidza kudzikira kusingaenderane nekupisa kuri kuwedzera. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwekudengenyeka kwemamorekuru kunovhiringidza H+ balance mu solution, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwema [H]+ ions uye, zvichizochinja kukosha kwe pH. Kunyange zvazvo natural pH ye citric acid iri kubva pa3 kusvika pa5, kuvapo kwe acidic hydrogen mu glycerol kunoderedza pH kusvika pa1.91.
Maitiro epH eNADES ane citrate-based muhurefu hwetembiricha ye25–60 °C anogona kumiririrwa zvakakodzera ne equation (5), iyo inopa chirevo chemasvomhu chemafambiro epH akaonekwa. Mufananidzo 7 unoratidza hukama uhwu hunonakidza, uchiratidza mhedzisiro yetembiricha papH yeNADES, iyo inonzi iri 1.4% yeAMPE.
Kuongororwa kweThermogravimetric (TGA) ye natural citric acid deep eutectic solvent (NADES) kwakaitwa zvakarongeka munzvimbo yekupisa kubva patembiricha yemukamuri kusvika 500 °C. Sezvatinoona kubva kuMifananidzo 8a na b, kurasikirwa kwekutanga kwehuwandu kusvika 100 °C kwainyanya kukonzerwa nemvura yakanyudzwa nemvura yakabatana ne citric acid ne pure glycerol. Kuchengetwa kwakawanda kwehuwandu hwe 88% kwakaonekwa kusvika 180 °C, izvo zvakanyanya kukonzerwa nekuora kwe citric acid kuita aconitic acid uye kuumbwa kwemethylmaleic anhydride (III) pakudziya kwakawedzerwa (Mifananidzo 8 b). Pamusoro pe 180 °C, kuoneka kwakajeka kwe acrolein (acrylaldehyde) mu glycerol kunogonawo kuonekwa, sezvakaratidzwa muMifananidzo 8b37.
Kuongororwa kweThermogravimetric (TGA) yeglycerol kwakaratidza maitiro ekurasikirwa kwehuwandu hwemasero ane matanho maviri. Danho rekutanga (180 kusvika 220 °C) rinosanganisira kuumbwa kweacrolein, richiteverwa nekurasikirwa kukuru kwehuwandu hwemasero pakupisa kwakanyanya kubva pa230 kusvika 300 °C (Mufananidzo 8a). Sezvo tembiricha ichiwedzera, acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, methane, uye hydrogen zvinoumbwa zvakatevedzana. Zvinonyanya kukosha, 28% chete yehuwandu hwemasero ndiyo yakachengetedzwa pa300 °C, zvichiratidza kuti hunhu hweNADES 8(a)38,39 hunogona kunge husina kunaka.
Kuti vawane ruzivo nezvekuumbwa kwezvisungo zvitsva zvemakemikari, kumiswa kutsva kwezvinyungudutswa zve natural deep eutectic (NADES) kwakaongororwa neFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ongororo iyi yakaitwa nekuenzanisa spectrum yeNADES suspension ne spectra ye pure citric acid (CA) ne glycerol (Gly). Iyo CA spectrum yakaratidza peaks dzakajeka pa1752 1/cm uye 1673 1/cm, izvo zvinomiririra kutenderera kweC=O bond uye zvakare hunhu hweCA. Pamusoro pezvo, shanduko huru mukudengenyeka kweOH bending pa1360 1/cm kwakaonekwa munzvimbo yeminwe, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 9.
Saizvozvowo, kana paine glycerol, kuchinja kweOH stretching uye bend vibrations kwakawanikwa panhamba dzemafungu e3291 1/cm uye 1414 1/cm, zvichiteerana. Zvino, nekuongorora spectrum yeNADES yakagadzirirwa, shanduko yakakosha mu spectrum yakawanikwa. Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 7, kutenderera kweC=O bond kwakachinja kubva pa1752 1/cm kuenda pa1720 1/cm uye kutenderera kwe -OH bond yeglycerol kwakachinja kubva pa1414 1/cm kuenda pa1359 1/cm. Kuchinja uku munhamba dzemafungu kunoratidza shanduko mu electronegativity, iyo inoratidza kuumbwa kwezvisungo zvitsva zvemakemikari muchimiro cheNADES.