Chinyorwa chino chikamu chedingindira rekutsvagisa rinoti "Kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa utachiona, kuramba mishonga inorwisa utachiona uye microbiome yemhuka dzinodya chikafu". Ona zvinyorwa zvese gumi nematatu
Maasidhi eOrganic achiri kudiwa zvakanyanya sezvinhu zvinowedzerwa muchikafu chemhuka. Kusvika pari zvino, chinangwa chave chiri pakuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, kunyanya kuderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere zvinotapukira muhuku nedzimwe mhuka. Asidhi akawanda eorganic ari kudzidzwa pari zvino kana kuti atove kushandiswa mukutengeserana. Pakati pemaasidhi akawanda eorganic akadzidzwa zvakanyanya, formic acid ndeimwe yacho. Formic acid inowedzerwa mukudya kwehuku kuderedza kuvapo kweSalmonella nezvimwe zvirwere zvinotapukira muchikafu uye mudumbu mushure mekumedzwa. Sezvo kunzwisisa kwekushanda uye kukanganisa kweformic acid pazvirwere zvinotapukira uye zvekudya kuchikura, zviri kujeka kuti kuvapo kweformic acid kunogona kukonzera nzira dzakati muSalmonella. Mhinduro iyi inogona kuoma kana formic acid ikapinda mudumbu uye ichishanda kwete chete neSalmonella yatove kugara mudumbu asiwo nezvirimwa zvemukati medumbu. Ongororo iyi ichaongorora mhedzisiro yazvino uye tarisiro yekutsvagurudza kwakawedzerwa pamusoro pe microbiome yehuku nechikafu chakarapwa neformic acid.
Mukurima kwezvipfuyo nehuku, dambudziko riripo nderekugadzira nzira dzekutarisira dzinovandudza kukura nekubudirira kwezvikafu ukuwo dzichideredza njodzi dzekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu. Kare, kupa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pahuwandu husingarapike kwakavandudza hutano hwemhuka, kugara zvakanaka, uye kubereka (1–3). Kubva pamaonero ekuita, zvakakurudzirwa kuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inopihwa pahuwandu hunodzivirira inodzora mhinduro dzemhuka nekuchinja maruva emudumbu (GI) uye, zvakare, kusangana kwayo nemhuka (3). Zvisinei, kunetseka kuripo pamusoro pekupararira kwezvirwere zvinorwisa mabhakitiriya zvinoberekwa nechikafu uye kubatana kwazvo nehutachiona husingarapike muvanhu kwakaita kuti kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kuregedzeke zvishoma nezvishoma mumhuka dzechikafu (4–8). Nokudaro, kugadzirwa kwezvinowedzera zvekudya uye zvinovandudza zvinosangana nezvimwe zvezvinodiwa izvi (hutano hwemhuka hwakavandudzwa, kugara zvakanaka, uye kubereka) kunonakidza zvikuru kubva muongororo yezvedzidzo nepfungwa yekusimudzira kutengeserana (5, 9). Mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinowedzera zvekudya zvekutengesa dzapinda mumusika wezvekudya zvemhuka, kusanganisira maprobiotics, prebiotics, mafuta anokosha uye zvimwe zvine chekuita nazvo kubva mumiti yakasiyana-siyana, uye makemikari akadai sealdehydes (10–14). Zvimwe zvekudya zvekutengesa zvinonyanya kushandiswa muhuku zvinosanganisira bacteriophages, zinc oxide, ma enzymes ekunze, zvigadzirwa zvekunze zvinokwikwidza, uye acidic compounds (15, 16).
Pakati pezvinhu zvinowedzerwa pakudya kwemakemikari zviripo, maaldehydes nema organic acids ave ari iwo macompounds akanyanya kudzidzwa uye anoshandiswa (12, 17–21). Organic acids, kunyanya short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), anozivikanwa zvikuru seanopikisa mabhakitiriya ane pathogenic. Aya ma organic acids anoshandiswa se feed additives kwete kungodzikisa kuvapo kwezvirwere mu feed matrix asiwo kuita active effects pakushanda kwemudumbu (17, 20–24). Pamusoro pezvo, ma SCFA anogadzirwa nekuviriswa ne intestine flora mudumbu uye anofungidzirwa kuti anoita basa guru mukukwanisa kwemamwe ma probiotics nema prebiotics kurwisa zvirwere zvinopinda mudumbu (21, 23, 25).
Mumakore apfuura, ma "short-chain fatty acids" akasiyana-siyana (SCFAs) akakwezva vanhu vakawanda se "feed additives". Kunyanya, propionate, butyrate, uye "formate" zvave zvichiongororwa kakawanda uye kushandiswa mumabhizimisi (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Kunyange zvazvo zvidzidzo zvepakutanga zvakatarisa pakudzora hutachiona hwezvikafu muzvikafu zvemhuka nehuku, zvidzidzo zvechangobva kuitwa zvakachinja kutarisa kwavo pakuvandudza mashandiro emhuka uye hutano hwemudumbu (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, uye butyrate zvakakwezva vanhu vakawanda se "organic acid feed additives", pakati pazvo formic acid iriwo mukana wekubudirira (21, 23). Kunyanya kutarisa kwave kutariswa pazvinhu zve "formic acid" zvekuchengetedza chikafu, kunyanya kuderedza kuwanda kwehutachiona hwezvikafu muzvikafu zvezvipfuwo. Zvisinei, mamwe mashandisirwo angangoitwa ari kutariswawo. Chinangwa chikuru cheongororo iyi ndechekuongorora nhoroondo uye mamiriro azvino e "formic acid" se "livestock feed improver" (Mufananidzo 1). Muchidzidzo ichi, tichaongorora mashandiro e "antibacterial" e "formic acid". Pamusoro pezvo, tichanyatsoongorora migumisiro yayo pazvipfuyo nehuku uye tichakurukura nzira dzinogona kushandiswa pakuvandudza kushanda kwayo.
Mufananidzo 1. Mepu yepfungwa dzenyaya dzataurwa muongororo iyi. Zvikurukuru, zvinangwa zvinotevera zvakatarisana: kutsanangura nhoroondo uye mamiriro azvino e formic acid semushonga wekuvandudza chikafu chezvipfuyo, nzira dze formic acid dzinorwisa utachiona uye kukanganisa kwekushandiswa kwayo pahutano hwemhuka nehuku, uye nzira dzinogona kushandiswa pakuvandudza kushanda kwayo.
Kugadzirwa kwechikafu chezvipfuyo nehuku ibasa rakaoma rinosanganisa matanho akawanda, kusanganisira kugadzirisa zviyo (semuenzaniso, kukuya kuti zvideredze saizi yezvidimbu), kupisa kuti zviparare, uye kuwedzera zvinovaka muviri zvakawanda pakudya zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemhuka (27). Zvichienderana nekuoma uku, hazvishamisi kuti kugadzira chikafu kunoisa zviyo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzisati dzasvika pakugaya chikafu, panguva yekugaya, uye mushure mezvo panguva yekufambisa nekupa chikafu muzvikamu zvekudya zvakasanganiswa (9, 21, 28). Saka, mumakore apfuura, boka rezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana rakawanikwa muchikafu, kusanganisira kwete mabhakitiriya chete asiwo mabhakitiriya, fungi, uye mbiriso (9, 21, 28–31). Zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvinosvibisa, zvakaita semafungiro, zvinogona kugadzira mycotoxins inoisa njodzi kuhutano hwemhuka (32–35).
Mabhakitiriya anogona kusiyana-siyana uye zvinoenderana nenzira dzinoshandiswa pakuzviparadzanisa nekuziva tupukanana pamwe nekwakabva sample. Semuenzaniso, chimiro che microbial composition chinogona kusiyana usati watanga kupisa ne pelleting (36). Kunyangwe tsika dzechinyakare uye nzira dze plate plating dzakapa rumwe ruzivo, kushandiswa kwazvino kwe16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) method kwakapa ongororo yakakwana ye forage microbiome community (9). Solanki et al. (37) pavakaongorora bacterial microbiome yegorosi yakachengetwa kwenguva yakati paine phosphine, mushonga wekudzivirira tupukanana, vakaona kuti microbiome yacho yaive yakasiyana-siyana mushure mekukohwa uye mushure memwedzi mitatu yekuchengetwa. Uyezve, Solanki et al. (37) (37) vakaratidza kuti Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, uye Planctomyces ndivo vaive phyla huru muzviyo zvegorosi, Bacillus, Erwinia, uye Pseudomonas ndivo vaive genera guru, uye Enterobacteriaceae yaive chikamu chidiki. Zvichibva pakuenzanisa kwetaxonomic, vakagumisa kuti phosphine fumigation yakachinja zvakanyanya huwandu hwebhakitiriya asi haina kukanganisa kusiyana kwefungus.
Solanki nevamwe (37) vakaratidza kuti manyuko echikafu anogonawo kuva nezvirwere zvinobva muchikafu zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko ehutano hwevanhu zvichibva pakuonekwa kweEnterobacteriaceae mu microbiome. Zvirwere zvinobva muchikafu zvakaita seClostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, uye Listeria monocytogenes zvakabatana nechikafu chemhuka uye silage (9, 31, 38). Kugara kwenguva refu kwezvimwe zvirwere zvinobva muchikafu chemhuka nehuku hakuzivikanwe parizvino. Ge nevamwe (39) vakaongorora zvinhu zvinopfuura mazana maviri zvekudya zvemhuka uye vakazviparadzanisa neSalmonella, E. coli, uye Enterococci, asi havana kuona E. coli O157:H7 kana Campylobacter. Zvisinei, matrices akadai sekudya kwakaoma anogona kushanda senzvimbo inokonzera E. coli inokonzera chirwere. Mukutsvaga kwakabva kubuda kweShiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 neO26 yakabatana nechirwere chevanhu muna 2016, Crowe et al. (40) vakashandisa whole-genome sequencing kuenzanisa clinical isolates ne isolates dzakawanikwa kubva muzvigadzirwa zvekudya. Zvichibva pakuenzanisa uku, vakagumisa kuti zvingangove zvakabva kwaiva furawa yegorosi isina hunyoro hwakanyanya kubva kumagetsi eupfu. Hunyoro hushoma hweupfu hwegorosi hunoratidza kuti STEC inogonawo kurarama mukudya kwemhuka kusina hunyoro hwakanyanya. Zvisinei, sezvakataurwa naCrowe et al. (40), kuparadzaniswa kweSTEC kubva musampuli dzeupfu kwakaoma uye kunoda nzira dzekuparadzanisa immunomagnetic kuti iwane huwandu hwakakwana hwemasero ebhakitiriya. Maitiro akafanana ekuongorora anogonawo kuomesa kuonekwa nekuparadzaniswa kwezvirwere zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa mukudya kwemhuka. Kuoma kwekuona kunogonawo kukonzerwa nekugara kwenguva refu kwezvirwere izvi mumatrices ane hunyoro hwakaderera. Forghani et al. (41) yakaratidza kuti hupfu hwegorosi hwakachengetwa patembiricha yemumba uye hwakabayiwa nejekiseni nemusanganiswa weEscherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, uye O145 uye Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, uye S. Anatum) hwaikwanisa kuverengwa pamazuva 84 ne112 uye huchiri kuonekwa pamavhiki 24 ne52.
Kare, Campylobacter haisati yamboparadzaniswa kubva muchikafu chemhuka nehuku nenzira dzechinyakare dzekurima (38, 39), kunyange zvazvo Campylobacter ichigona kuparadzaniswa nyore nyore kubva mudumbu rehuku nezvigadzirwa zvehuku (42, 43). Zvisinei, chikafu chichiri nezvakanaka zvacho senzvimbo inogona kuwanikwa. Semuenzaniso, Alves et al. (44) vakaratidza kuti kubaya chikafu chehuku chakakora neC. jejuni uye kuchengetwa kwechikafu patembiricha mbiri dzakasiyana kwemazuva matatu kana mashanu kwakaita kuti C. jejuni irambe iripo uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kunyange kuwanda kwayo. Vakagumisa kuti C. jejuni inogona kurarama muchikafu chehuku uye, nekudaro, inogona kunge iri nzvimbo inogona kukonzera hutachiona kune huku.
Kusvibiswa kweSalmonella kwechikafu chemhuka nehuku kwave kuchinyanya kutariswa munguva yakapfuura uye kuchiri chinhu chinoenderera mberi chekuedza kugadzira nzira dzekuongorora dzinonyanya kushandiswa pakudyisa uye kuwana matanho ekudzora anoshanda (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Mumakore apfuura, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaongorora kuparadzaniswa uye hunhu hweSalmonella munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudya uye nzvimbo dzekudya (38, 39, 54–61). Zvose, zvidzidzo izvi zvinoratidza kuti Salmonella inogona kuparadzaniswa kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvikafu, manyuko ezvikafu, mhando dzezvikafu, uye mashandiro ekugadzira chikafu. Kuwanda kwehuwandu uye serotypes dzakakura dzeSalmonella dzakaparadzaniswawo zvakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, Li et al. (57) vakasimbisa kuvapo kweSalmonella spp. Yakaonekwa mu12.5% ​​​​ye2058 sampuro dzakaunganidzwa kubva muzvikafu zvemhuka zvakakwana, zvikafu zvezvikafu, chikafu chezvikafu zvemhuka, zvekudya zvezvikafu zvemhuka, uye zvekudya zvezvikafu zvemhuka munguva yekuunganidza data ya2002 kusvika 2009. Pamusoro pezvo, ma serotype akajairika akawanikwa mu12.5% ​​yeSalmonella samples ayo akaonekwa aine hutachiona aive S. Senftenberg naS. Montevideo (57). Mukudzidza kwechikafu chakagadzirira kudyiwa uye zvigadzirwa zvekudya zvemhuka muTexas, Hsieh nevamwe (58) vakataura kuti kuwanda kwakanyanya kweSalmonella kwaive muhupfu hwehove, kuchiteverwa nemapuroteni emhuka, naS. Mbanka naS. Montevideo sema serotype akajairika. Mafeed mills anoratidzawo nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinogona kusvibiswa nechikafu panguva yekusanganisa nekuwedzera zvinhu (9, 56, 61). Magossi nevamwe (61) vakakwanisa kuratidza kuti nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekusvibiswa dzinogona kuitika panguva yekugadzira chikafu muUnited States. Kutaura zvazviri, Magossi nevamwe (61) vakawana kanenge imwe chete yakanaka yeSalmonella tsika mumafeed mills gumi nerimwe (nzvimbo gumi nembiri dzesampuru dzese) mumadunhu masere muUnited States. Zvichienderana nekugona kusvibiswa kweSalmonella panguva yekubata chikafu, kutakurwa, uye kudyiswa zuva nezuva, hazvishamisi kuti kuri kuitwa kuedza kukuru kugadzira zvekudya zvinowedzerwa zvinogona kuderedza nekuchengetedza huwandu hwakaderera hwekusvibiswa kwehutachiona mukati menguva yese yekugadzirwa kwemhuka.
Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve mashandiro anoita Salmonella kune formic acid. Zvisinei, Huang et al. (62) vakaratidza kuti formic acid iripo muura hwemhuka dzinoyamwisa uye kuti Salmonella spp. inokwanisa kugadzira formic acid. Huang et al. (62) vakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekubvisa magene eSalmonella virulence kuti vaone kuratidzwa kwemajini eSalmonella virulence uye vakaona kuti formate inogona kushanda sechiratidzo chinopararira kuti Salmonella ipinde mumasero eHep-2 epithelial. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Liu et al. (63) vakabvisa formate transporter, FocA, kubva kuSalmonella typhimurium inoshanda senzira chaiyo yeformate pa pH 7.0 asi inogonawo kushanda senzira yekutumira kunze isina simba pa pH yakakwira kana senzira yechipiri inoshanda yeformate/hydrogen ion import pa pH yakaderera. Zvisinei, chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa pane imwe serotype yeS. Typhimurium. Mubvunzo unoramba uripo kana serotype dzese dzichipindura kune formic acid nenzira dzakafanana. Uyu unoramba uri mubvunzo wekutsvaga wakakosha unofanirwa kutariswa muzvidzidzo zveramangwana. Pasinei nemhedzisiro yacho, zvinoramba zvakangwara kushandisa maSalmonella serotypes akawanda kana kunyange marudzi akawanda eserotype imwe neimwe mukuyedza kuongorora pavanenge vachigadzira mazano akajairika ekushandisa acid supplements kuderedza huwandu hweSalmonella muchikafu. Nzira itsva, dzakadai sekushandisa genetic barcoding kunyora marudzi ekusiyanisa mapoka akasiyana eserotype imwe chete (9, 64), inopa mukana wekuona misiyano midiki inogona kukanganisa mhedziso uye kududzirwa kwemisiyano.
Hunhu hwemakemikari uye chimiro chekupatsanurwa kweformate zvinogonawo kukosha. Muzvidzidzo zvakatevedzana, Beyer et al. (65–67) vakaratidza kuti kudziviswa kweEnterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, uye Campylobacter coli kwakabatana nehuwandu hwe dissociated formic acid uye kwaive kusina pH kana undissociated formic acid. Mhando yemakemikari yeformate iyo mabhakitiriya anosangana nayo inoitawo seyakakosha. Kovanda et al. (68) vakaongorora zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveGram-negative neGram-positive uye vakaenzanisa minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ye sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) uye musanganiswa we sodium formate ne free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Zvichibva paMIC values, vakaona kuti sodium formate yaingodzivirira Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, uye Streptococcus pneumoniae chete, asi kwete Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, kana Enterococcus faecalis. Kusiyana neizvi, musanganiswa we sodium formate ne free sodium formate waidzivirira zvisikwa zvese, zvichiita kuti vanyori vagumise kuti free formic acid ine hunhu hwakawanda hweantimicrobial. Zvingave zvinonakidza kuongorora zviyero zvakasiyana zvemhando mbiri idzi dzemakemikari kuti uone kana huwandu hweMIC values ​​​​huchienderana nehuwandu hwe formic acid huripo mu mixed formula uye mhinduro kune 100% formic acid.
Gomez-Garcia nevamwe (69) vakaedza musanganiswa wemafuta anokosha nema organic acids (akadai se formic acid) vachirwisa ma isolates akawanda eEscherichia coli, Salmonella, uye Clostridium perfringens akawanikwa kubva kunguruve. Vakaedza kushanda kwema organic acids matanhatu, anosanganisira formic acid, uye ma essential oils matanhatu achirwisa ma isolates enguruve, vachishandisa formaldehyde senzira yakanaka yekudzora. Gomez-García nevamwe (69) vakaona MIC50, MBC50, uye MIC50/MBC50 ye formic acid ichirwisa Escherichia coli (600 uye 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 uye 2400 ppm, 4), uye Clostridium perfringens (1200 uye 2400 ppm, 2), pakati pawo formic acid yakawanikwa ichishanda kupfuura ma organic acids ese achirwisa E. coli neSalmonella. (69) Formic acid inoshanda pakurwisa Escherichia coli neSalmonella nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hudiki hwemamorekuru uye cheni refu (70).
Beyer nevamwe vake vakaongorora mhando dzeCampylobacter dzakabviswa kubva munguruve (66) uye mhando dzeCampylobacter jejuni dzakabviswa kubva muhuku (67) uye vakaratidza kuti formic acid inoparadzaniswa nehuwandu hunoenderana nemhinduro dzeMIC dzakayerwa kune mamwe ma organic acids. Zvisinei, hukama hwema acids aya, kusanganisira formic acid, hwakapokana nekuti Campylobacter inogona kushandisa ma acids aya se substrates (66, 67). Kushandiswa kweC. jejuni neacid hakushamisi nekuti kwakaratidzwa kuti ine metabolism isina glycolytic. Saka, C. jejuni ine simba shoma re carbohydrate catabolism uye inovimba ne gluconeogenesis kubva kuma amino acids uye organic acids pahuwandu hwesimba rayo re metabolism uye biosynthetic activity (71, 72). Chidzidzo chekutanga chakaitwa naLine nevamwe vake (73) vakashandisa phenotypic array ine 190 carbon sources uye vakaratidza kuti C. jejuni 11168(GS) inogona kushandisa organic acids se carbon sources, mazhinji acho ari pakati pe tricarboxylic acid cycle. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaitwa naWagli nevamwe vake. (74) vachishandisa phenotypic carbon useration array vakaratidza kuti mhando dzeC. jejuni neE. coli dzakaongororwa mukudzidza kwavo dzinokwanisa kukura pa organic acids senzvimbo yekabhoni. Formate ndiyo inopa maerekitironi makuru eC. jejuni respiratory energy metabolism uye, nokudaro, ndiyo nzvimbo huru inopa simba C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni inokwanisa kushandisa formate semupi wehydrogen kuburikidza ne membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex iyo inooxidizes formate ku carbon dioxide, protons, uye electrons uye inoshanda semupi we electron wekufema (72).
Asidhi yeFormic ine nhoroondo refu yekushandiswa semushonga wekudzivirira hutachiona, asi zvimwe zvipembenene zvinogonawo kugadzira formic acid yekushandisa sekemikari yekudzivirira hutachiona. Rossini nevamwe (76) vakataura kuti formic acid inogona kunge iri chikamu chemuto weacidic wemasvosve wakatsanangurwa naRay (77) makore angangoita 350 apfuura. Kubva ipapo, kunzwisisa kwedu kugadzirwa kweformic acid mumasvosve nezvimwe zvipembenene kwakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye zvino zvave kuzivikanwa kuti maitiro aya chikamu chehurongwa hwakaoma hwekudzivirira chepfu muzvipembenene (78). Mapoka akasiyana-siyana ezvipembenene, anosanganisira nyuchi dzisina stingless, pointed ants (Hymenoptera: Apidae), ground beetle (Galerita lecontei naG. janus), stingless ants (Formicinae), uye mamwe mabuu emoth (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), anozivikanwa nekugadzira formic acid sekemikari yekudzivirira (76, 78–82).
Masvosve pamwe ndiwo anonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuti ane acidocytes, maburi akasarudzika anoabvumira kupfapfaidza uturu hwakaumbwa zvakanyanya ne formic acid (82). Masvosve anoshandisa serine senzira yekutanga uye anochengeta huwandu hwakawanda hweformate mumasero avo euturu, ayo anodzivirira zvakakwana kudzivirira masvosve kubva mu cytotoxicity yeformate kusvika yapfapfaidzwa (78, 83). Formic acid yaanoburitsa inogona (1) kushanda se pheromone yekunyevera kuti ikwezve mamwe masvosve; (2) kuva kemikari yekudzivirira kubva kune vanokwikwidza nevanodya zvimwe; uye (3) kushanda semushonga wefungal uye antibacterial kana ikasanganiswa ne resin sechikamu chezvinhu zvedendere (78, 82, 84–88). Formic acid inogadzirwa nemasvosve ine hunhu hweantimicrobial, zvichiratidza kuti inogona kushandiswa sekuwedzera pamusoro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa naBruch et al. (88), avo vakawedzera synthetic formic acid kune resin uye vakavandudza zvakanyanya basa re fungal. Humwe humbowo hwekushanda kwe formic acid uye kushanda kwayo muhupenyu ndehwekuti hove hombe dzemudumbu, dzisingakwanise kugadzira acid yemudumbu, dzinodya masvosve ane formic acid kuti dzizvipe concentrated formic acid seimwe nzira yekugaya (89).
Kushandiswa kwe formic acid mukurima kwave kuchifungwa uye kudzidzwa kwemakore mazhinji. Kunyanya, formic acid inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera kudya kwemhuka uye silage. Sodium formate muchimiro chakasimba uye chemvura inoonekwa seyakachengeteka kumarudzi ese emhuka, vatengi uye nharaunda (90). Zvichibva pakuongorora kwavo (90), huwandu hwakanyanya hwe 10,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg feed hwakaonekwa sehwakachengeteka kumarudzi ese emhuka, nepo huwandu hwakanyanya hwe 12,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg feed hwakaonekwa sehwakachengeteka kunguruve. Kushandiswa kwe formic acid semubatsiri wekudya kwemhuka kwave kuchidzidzwa kwemakore mazhinji. Inoonekwa seine kukosha kwekutengeserana semushonga wekuchengetedza silage uye mushonga unorwisa utachiona mukudya kwemhuka nehuku.
Zvinowedzerwa zvemakemikari zvakaita semaacid zvagara zviri chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwesilage uye manejimendi yekudya (91, 92). Borreani et al. (91) vakataura kuti kuti uwane kugadzirwa kwakanaka kwesilage yemhando yepamusoro, zvakakosha kuchengetedza mhando yekudya uku uchichengetedza zvinhu zvakaoma zvakawanda sezvinobvira. Mugumisiro wekugadzirisa kwakadaro kuderedza kurasikirwa pamatanho ese ekuita kwe ensiling: kubva mumamiriro ekutanga e aerobic mu silo kusvika pakuvirisa kunotevera, kuchengetwa uye kuvhurwazve kwesilo yekudya. Nzira dzakananga dzekugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwesilage yemunda uye kuvirisa silage kunotevera dzakakurukurwa zvakadzama kune dzimwe nzvimbo (91, 93-95) uye hadzizokurukurwi zvakadzama pano. Dambudziko guru kuora kwe oxidative kunokonzerwa ne mbiriso ne molds kana oxygen iripo mu silage (91, 92). Nokudaro, mishonga ye biological inoculants uye makemikari additives zvakaunzwa kurwisa migumisiro yakaipa yekuora (91, 92). Zvimwe zvinhu zvinofanirwa kutariswa nezvekuwedzera kwesilage zvinosanganisira kuderedza kupararira kwezvirwere zvinogona kunge zviripo musilage (semuenzaniso, pathogenic E. coli, Listeria, uye Salmonella) pamwe nefungus inogadzira mycotoxin (96–98).
Mack et al. (92) vakapatsanura zvinhu zvinowedzerwa zvine acidic muzvikamu zviviri. Acids dzakadai sepropionic, acetic, sorbic, uye benzoic acids dzinochengetedza kugadzikana kwe aerobic kwe silage kana dzichipiwa kumhuka dzinodya nyama nekuderedza kukura kwembiriso ne molds (92). Mack et al. (92) vakapatsanura formic acid kubva kune mamwe ma acids uye vakaiona se direct acidifier inodzivirira clostridia uye kuora kwe microorganisms ukuwo vachichengetedza kusimba kwe silage protein. Mukuita, mafomu avo emunyu ndiwo mafomu emakemikari akajairika kudzivirira hunhu hwekuora hwe acids muchimiro chisina munyu (91). Mapoka mazhinji ekutsvagisa akadzidzawo formic acid se acidic additive ye silage. Formic acid inozivikanwa nekukwanisa kwayo kukurumidza acidifying uye inodzivirira kukura kwe microorganisms dzinokuvadza silage dzinoderedza mapuroteni uye mvura-soluble carbohydrate mu silage (99). Nokudaro, He et al. (92) akaenzanisa formic acid nezvimwe zvinowedzera mu silage. (100) vakaratidza kuti formic acid inogona kudzivirira Escherichia coli uye kuderedza pH ye silage. Mabhakitiriya anogadzira formic nelactic acid akawedzerwawo mu silage kuti akurudzire acidification uye kugadzirwa kwe organic acid (101). Kutaura zvazviri, Cooley nevamwe (101) vakaona kuti silage payakaiswa acid ne 3% (w/v) formic acid, kugadzirwa kwe lactic ne formic acid kwakapfuura 800 uye 1000 mg organic acid/100 g sample, zvichiteerana. Mack nevamwe (92) vakaongorora zvakadzama mabhuku ekutsvagisa silage additive, kusanganisira zvidzidzo zvakaburitswa kubva muna 2000 zvaitarisa uye/kana kusanganisira formic acid nedzimwe acids. Nokudaro, ongororo iyi haizokurukure zvidzidzo zvega zvega zvakadzama asi ichapfupisa zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha maererano nekushanda kwe formic acid se chemical silage additive. Zvese zvisina buffered ne buffered formic acid zvakadzidzwa uye muzviitiko zvakawanda Clostridium spp. Mabasa ayo anoenderana (carbohydrate, protein, uye lactate uptake uye butyrate excretion) zvinowanzo kudzikira, nepo ammonia ne butyrate production zvichidzikira uye dry matter retention inowedzera (92). Pane zvipingamupinyi pakushanda kwe formic acid, asi kushandiswa kwayo se silage additive pamwe chete nedzimwe acids kunoita sekunge kwakakunda zvimwe zvezvinetso izvi (92).
Asidhi yeFormic inogona kudzivirira mabhakitiriya ane pathogenic ayo anoisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, Pauly naTam (102) vakabaya ma silos madiki emurabhoritari neL. monocytogenes ane mazinga matatu akasiyana e dry matter (200, 430, uye 540 g/kg) ye ryegrass ndokuzowedzerwa ne formic acid (3 ml/kg) kana lactic acid bacteria (8 × 105/g) uye cellulolytic enzymes. Vakashuma kuti kurapwa kwese uku kwakaderedza L. monocytogenes kusvika pamazinga asingaonekwe mu low dry matter silage (200 g/kg). Zvisinei, mu medium dry matter silage (430 g/kg), L. monocytogenes yakanga ichiri kuonekwa mushure memazuva makumi matatu mu formic acid-treated silage. Kuderera kweL. monocytogenes kwakaita sekunge kwakabatana ne pH yakaderera, lactic acid, uye combined undissociated acids. Semuenzaniso, Pauly naTam (102) vakataura kuti lactic acid uye huwandu hweasidhi hwakasanganiswa hwaikosha zvikuru, izvo zvinogona kunge zviri chikonzero nei pasina kudzikiswa kweL. monocytogenes kwakaonekwa mu formic acid-treated media kubva kuma silages ane zvakawanda dry matter contents. Zvidzidzo zvakafanana zvinofanirwa kuitwa mune ramangwana kune zvimwe zvirwere zve silage zvakadai seSalmonella ne pathogenic E. coli. Kuongororwa kwakazara kwe16S rDNA sequence yenharaunda yese ye silage microbial kunogonawo kubatsira kuona shanduko muhuwandu hwese hwe silage microbial hunoitika pamatanho akasiyana ekuviriswa kwe silage pamberi pe formic acid (103). Kuwana data re microbiome kunogona kupa rutsigiro rwekuongorora kuti ufanotaura zviri nani kufambira mberi kwekuviriswa kwe silage uye kugadzira musanganiswa wakanakisa wekuwedzera kuchengetedza mhando yepamusoro ye silage.
Muzvikafu zvemhuka zvinobva muzviyo, formic acid inoshandiswa semushonga unorwisa utachiona kuderedza huwandu hwehutachiona muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviyo zvinobva muzviyo pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvekudya zvakaita sezvinobva muzvipfuyo. Mhedzisiro pahuwandu hwehutachiona muhuku nedzimwe mhuka inogona kukamurwa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zviviri: mhedzisiro yakananga pahuwandu hwehutachiona hwechikafu pachacho uye mhedzisiro isina kunanga pahutachiona hunogara mudumbu remhuka mushure mekudya chikafu chakarapwa (20, 21, 104). Zviri pachena kuti mapoka maviri aya akabatana, sezvo kudzikira kwehutachiona muchikafu kunofanira kukonzera kudzikira kwekugara kwemhuka kana mhuka yadya chikafu. Zvisinei, hunhu hwehutachiona hweasidhi yakati inowedzerwa kuchikamu chekudya hunogona kukanganiswa nezvinhu zvakati wandei, zvakaita sekuumbwa kwechikafu uye chimiro chinowedzerwa acid (21, 105).
Kare, kushandiswa kwe formic acid nedzimwe acid dzakabatana kwakanyanya kutarisa pakudzora zvakananga Salmonella muchikafu chemhuka nehuku (21). Mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo izvi yakapfupikiswa zvakadzama muongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaburitswa panguva dzakasiyana (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), saka zvimwe zvezvakawanikwa kubva muzvidzidzo izvi ndizvo chete zvinokurukurwa muongororo iyi. Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidza kuti kushanda kwe formic acid mukurapa utachiona kunoenderana nechiyero nenguva yekusangana ne formic acid, hunyoro hwe matrix yechikafu, uye huwandu hwebhakitiriya muchikafu uye mudumbu remhuka (19, 21, 107–109). Rudzi rwe matrix yechikafu uye kwakabva zvinhu zvekudya zvemhuka ndizvo zvinopesvedzerawo. Saka, zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidza kuti huwandu hweSalmonella. Uturu hwebhakitiriya hwakabviswa muzvigadzirwa zvemhuka hunogona kusiyana nehwakabviswa muzvigadzirwa zvezvirimwa (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Zvisinei, kusiyana kwemhinduro kumaacid akadai seformic acid kunogona kunge kwakabatana nekusiyana kwekurarama kweserovar mukudya uye tembiricha iyo chikafu chinogadziriswa (19, 113, 114). Kusiyana kwemhinduro kumaserovar pakurapwa kweasidhi kunogonawo kuva chikonzero chekusvibiswa kwehuku nechikafu chakasvibiswa (113, 115), uye kusiyana kwekutaura kwemajini ane utachiona (116) kunogonawo kuita basa. Kusiyana kwekutsungirira asidhi kunogona kukanganisa kuonekwa kweSalmonella muzvirimwa kana maacid anotorwa nekudya asina kuchengetwa zvakakwana (21, 105, 117–122). Chimiro chemuviri chekudya (maererano nehukuru hwezvimedu) chinogonawo kukanganisa kuwanikwa kweformic acid mudumbu (123).
Maitiro ekuvandudza mashandiro efomiksi inouraya utachiona yeformic acid inowedzerwa muchikafu akakoshawo. Kuwanda kweasidhi kwakakurudzirwa kuti zvikafu zvine utachiona hwakawanda zvisati zvasanganiswa kuti zvideredze kukuvara kunogona kuitika pamidziyo yechigayo chekudya uye matambudziko ekudya kwemhuka (105). Jones (51) akagumisa kuti Salmonella inowanikwa muchikafu isati yacheneswa nemakemikari yakaoma kudzora kupfuura Salmonella kana yasangana nechikafu mushure mekurapwa nemakemikari. Kurapa kwechikafu panguva yekugadzirwa pachigayo chekudya kwakakurudzirwa senzira yekudzivirira kusvibiswa kweSalmonella kwechikafu, asi izvi zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kwechikafu, saizi yezvidimbu, nezvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nekugadzirwa kwechikafu (51). Kushanda kweasidhi inouraya utachiona kunoenderanawo nekupisa, uye kupisa kwakanyanya kana paine organic acids kunogona kuva nemhedzisiro yekudzivirira paSalmonella, sezvakaonekwa mumhando dzeSalmonella (124, 125). Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvechikafu chine Salmonella zvinotsigira pfungwa yekuti kupisa kwakanyanya kunowedzera kushanda kweasidhi muchikafu chekudya (106, 113, 126). Amado et al. (127) vakashandisa dhizaini yepakati pe composite kudzidza kudyidzana kwekushisa neacid (formic kana lactic acid) mumhando gumi dzeSalmonella enterica neEscherichia coli dzakabviswa kubva muzvikafu zvemombe zvakasiyana-siyana ndokubayiwa kuita mapellets emombe ane acid. Vakagumisa kuti kupisa ndiko kwainyanya kukonzera kudzikira kwehutachiona, pamwe chete neacid nerudzi rwebhakitiriya. Kubatana kweacid kuchiripo, saka tembiricha yakaderera uye kuwanda kweacid kunogona kushandiswa. Zvisinei, vakataurawo kuti mhedzisiro yekubatana haina kugara ichionekwa paishandiswa formic acid, zvichiita kuti vafungidzire kuti kuvhiringidzika kweformic acid patembiricha yakakwira kana mhedzisiro yebuffering yezvikamu zvematrix ekudya zvaive chikonzero.
Kuderedza nguva yekudya kwemhuka usati wapa mhuka chikafu ndeimwe nzira yekudzora kupinda kwezvirwere zvinotapukira mumuviri wemhuka panguva yekudya. Zvisinei, kana acid iri muchikafu yapinda mudumbu, inogona kuramba ichishandisa mushonga wayo unorwisa utachiona. Kushanda kwemishonga inorwisa utachiona yezvinhu zvine acid zvinopihwa kunze mudumbu kunogona kutsamira pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kuwanda kweacid yemudumbu, nzvimbo inoshanda yedumbu, pH uye oxygen yedumbu, zera remhuka, uye huwandu hwehutachiona hwemudumbu (zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yedumbu uye kukura kwemhuka) (21, 24, 128–132). Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwehutachiona husina mweya hunogara mudumbu (hunova hwakanyanya mudumbu remhuka imwe chete padzinokura) hunogadzira organic acids kuburikidza nekuvirisa, izvo zvinogonawo kuva nemhedzisiro inopikisa pahutachiona hunopinda mudumbu (17, 19–21).
Tsvakurudzo yakawanda yekutanga yakatarisana nekushandiswa kwema organic acids, kusanganisira formate, kuderedza Salmonella mudumbu rehuku, izvo zvakakurukurwa zvakadzama muongororo dzinoverengeka (12, 20, 21). Kana zvidzidzo izvi zvikaongororwa pamwe chete, pane zvinhu zvakakosha zvinogona kuonekwa. McHan naShotts (133) vakataura kuti kudya formic nepropionic acid kwakaderedza huwandu hweSalmonella Typhimurium mucecum yehuku dzakabayiwa mabhakitiriya uye vakazviyera pazera remazuva manomwe, gumi nemana, uye makumi maviri nerimwe. Zvisinei, apo Hume et al. (128) vakatarisa C-14-labeled propionate, vakagumisa kuti propionate shoma mukudya inogona kusvika kucecum. Zvinoramba zvichionekwa kana izvi zviri zvechokwadiwo kune formic acid. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi yapfuura Bourassa et al. (134) vakataura kuti kupa chikafu che formic ne propionic acid kwakaderedza huwandu hweSalmonella Typhimurium mu cecum yehuku dzakabayiwa mabhakitiriya, ayo akaongororwa pazera remazuva 7, 14, uye 21. (132) vakataura kuti kupa chikafu che formic acid pa 4 g/t kuhuku dzebroiler mukati menguva yekukura kwemavhiki matanhatu kwakaderedza huwandu hwe S. Typhimurium mu cecum kusvika pasi pezinga rekuona.
Kuvapo kwe formic acid mukudya kunogona kukanganisa zvimwe zvikamu zvedumbu rehuku. Al-Tarazi naAlshavabkeh (134) vakaratidza kuti musanganiswa we formic acid ne propionic acid unogona kuderedza kusvibiswa kweSalmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) muzvirimwa ne cecum. Thompson naHinton (129) vakaona kuti musanganiswa we formic acid ne propionic acid unowanikwa mukutengeserana wakawedzera huwandu hwe acids muzvirimwa ne gizzard uye waiuraya mabhakitiriya kurwisa Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 mu in vitro model pasi pemamiriro ekurera. Pfungwa iyi inotsigirwa ne data re in vivo kubva kuna Bird et al. (135) vakawedzera formic acid mumvura yekunwa yehuku dze broiler panguva yekutsanya yaifungidzirwa isati yatumirwa, yakafanana nehuku dze broiler dzinoitwa dzisati dzaendeswa kufekitari yekugadzira huku. Kuwedzera formic acid mumvura yekunwa kwakaita kuti huwandu hweS. Typhimurium muzvirimwa neepididymis huderere, uye kudzikira kwehuwandu hwezvirimwa zveS. Typhimurium-positive, asi kwete muhuwandu hweepididymis (135). Kugadzirwa kwenzira dzekupa dzinogona kuchengetedza organic acids padziri kushanda mudumbu rezasi kunogona kubatsira kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka. Semuenzaniso, microencapsulation yeformic acid uye kuwedzerwa kwayo muchikafu kwakaratidzwa kuderedza huwandu hweSalmonella Enteritidis mu cecal contents (136). Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwemhuka. Semuenzaniso, Walia et al. (137) havana kuona kudzikira kweSalmonella mu cecum kana lymph nodes yenguruve dzine mazuva makumi maviri nemasere dzakadyiswa musanganiswa we formic acid, citric acid, uye essential oil capsules, uye kunyangwe kubuda kweSalmonella mutsvina kwakadzikira pazuva rechi14, hakuna kudzikira pazuva rechi28. Vakaratidza kuti kutapurirana kweSalmonella pakati penguruve kwakadzivirirwa.
Kunyangwe zvidzidzo zve formic acid semushonga unorwisa utachiona mukuchengeta mhuka zvakanyanya kutarisa paSalmonella inotapukira muchikafu, kunewo zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakanangana nezvimwe zvirwere zvemudumbu. Zvidzidzo zve in vitro zvakaitwa naKovanda et al. (68) zvinoratidza kuti formic acid inogonawo kushanda pakurwisa zvimwe zvirwere zvemudumbu zvinotapukira muchikafu, zvinosanganisira Escherichia coli naCampylobacter jejuni. Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kuti organic acids (semuenzaniso, lactic acid) uye musanganiswa wekutengesa une formic acid semusanganiswa unogona kuderedza huwandu hweCampylobacter muhuku (135, 138). Zvisinei, sezvakambotaurwa naBeyer et al. (67), kushandiswa kwe formic acid semushonga unorwisa utachiona pakurwisa Campylobacter kunogona kuda kungwarira. Kuwanikwa uku kunonyanya kunetsa pakuwedzera chikafu muhuku nekuti formic acid ndiyo sosi huru yesimba rekufema reC. jejuni. Uyezve, chikamu cheniche yayo yemudumbu inofungidzirwa kuti inokonzerwa nekudyisa metabolic cross-feeding nezvigadzirwa zvakasanganiswa zve acid fermentation zvinogadzirwa nemabhakitiriya emudumbu, zvakaita seformate (139). Maonero aya ane hwaro. Nekuti formate imushonga wemakemikari weC. jejuni, ma "double mutants" ane zvikanganiso mu "formate dehydrogenase" ne "hydrogenase" akadzikira mu "cecal colonization" muhuku dzenyama dzemombe zvichienzaniswa ne "wild-type C. jejuni strains" (140, 141). Hazvisati zvanyatsojeka kuti kuwedzera kwe "external formic acid" kunokanganisa sei "gastrointestinal tract colonization" neC. jejuni muhuku kusvika papi. Kuwanda kwe "gastrointestinal formate" kunogona kunge kwakaderera nekuda kwe "formate catabolism" nemamwe mabhakitiriya emudumbu kana "formate absorption" mu "top" gastrointestinal tract", saka zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kukanganisa izvi. Pamusoro pezvo, "formate" chigadzirwa chinogona kugadzirwa nemamwe mabhakitiriya emudumbu, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa huwandu hwe "gastrointestinal formate". Kuongororwa kwe "formate" mu "gastrointestinal contents" uye kuzivikanwa kwemajini e "formate dehydrogenase" uchishandisa metagenomics zvinogona kujekesa zvimwe zvinhu zve "ecology" ye "formate-producing microorganisms".
Roth nevamwe vake (142) vakaenzanisa mhedzisiro yekudyisa huku dzebroiler mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya we enrofloxacin kana musanganiswa we formic, acetic, uye propionic acids pakuwanda kweEscherichia coli isingaurayiwi nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Zvimedu zveE. coli zvisingaurayiwi nemishonga zvinoverengwa muzvimedu zvetsvina zvakaunganidzwa kubva kuhuku dzebroiler dzine zuva rimwe chete uye muzvimedu zvececal kubva kuhuku dzebroiler dzine zuva rimwe chete. Zvimedu zveE. coli zvakaongororwa kuti hazviurayiwi nemishonga ye ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, uye tetracycline zvichienderana nematanho akatarwa emushonga wega wega unorwisa mabhakitiriya. Pakaongororwa huwandu hweE. coli hwakafanana uye hwakatsanangurwa, enrofloxacin kana acid cocktail supplementation hazvina kuchinja huwandu hweE. coli hwakabviswa kubva kuceca yehuku dzebroiler dzine zuva rimwe chete ne28. Shiri dzakapihwa chikafu chakawedzerwa neenrofloxacin dzakawedzera huwandu hweE. coli isingarapike neciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, uye tetracycline uye huwandu hweE. coli isingarapike necefotaxime muceca. Shiri dzakapihwa chikafu chakaderera huwandu hweE. coli isingarapike neampicillin netetracycline muceca zvichienzaniswa neshiri dzakapihwa neenrofloxacin. Shiri dzakapihwa mixed acid dzakadererawo huwandu hweE. coli isingarapike neciprofloxacin nesulfamethoxazole mucecum zvichienzaniswa neshiri dzinopihwa enrofloxacin. Nzira iyo acids inoderedza nayo huwandu hweE. coli isingarapike neantibiotic pasina kuderedza huwandu hweE. coli haisati yanyatsojeka. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yechidzidzo chakaitwa naRoth et al. inoenderana neyeboka reenrofloxacin. (142) Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri chiratidzo chekuderera kwekupararira kwemajini ekudzivirira mabhakitiriya muE. coli, akadai seanorwisa mabhakitiriya akabatana neplasmid akatsanangurwa naCabezon et al. (143). Zvingave zvinonakidza kuita ongororo yakadzama yekudzivirira mabhakitiriya anokonzerwa neplasmid muhuwandu hwehuku mudumbu madzo kana paine zvekudya zvakaita seformic acid uye kuwedzera kunatsiridza ongororo iyi nekuongorora gastrointestinal resistome.
Kugadzirwa kwezvikafu zvinorwisa utachiona zvinorwisa hutachiona zvakanaka kunofanira kunge kusina kukanganisa zvakanyanya zvirimwa zvemudumbu, kunyanya pazvipembenene zvinoonekwa sezvinobatsira kune mhuka. Zvisinei, ma organic acids anopiwa kunze anogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa pazvipembenene zvemudumbu uye kusvika pamwero wakati anoderedza simba rawo rekudzivirira kubva kuzvirwere. Semuenzaniso, Thompson naHinton (129) vakaona kudzikira kwemazinga e crop lactic acid muhuku dzinodyara dzakadya musanganiswa we formic ne propionic acids, zvichiratidza kuti kuvapo kweaya ma exogenous organic acids muzvirimwa kwakaita kuti crop lactobacilli iderere. Crop lactobacilli inoonekwa sechipingamupinyi kuSalmonella, uye nekudaro kukanganiswa kwe resident crop microbiota iyi kunogona kukanganisa kuderedzwa kweSalmonella colonization yemudumbu (144). Açıkgöz et al. vakawana kuti mhedzisiro yakaderera yemudumbu yeshiri inogona kunge yakaderera. (145) Hapana musiyano wakawanikwa muhuwandu hwese hwemaruva emudumbu kana huwandu hweEscherichia coli muhuku dzebroiler dzine mazuva makumi mana nemaviri dzichinwa mvura ine acidic ne formic acid. Vanyori vakataura kuti izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemuviri mudumbu repamusoro, sezvakaonekwa nevamwe vaongorori vachishandisa ma "short-chain fatty acids" (SCFA) anopiwa kunze (128, 129).
Kudzivirira formic acid kuburikidza neimwe nzira yekuvhara masero kunogona kubatsira kuti isvike mudumbu rezasi. (146) vakacherechedza kuti microencapsulated formic acid yakawedzera zvakanyanya huwandu hwehuwandu hwema "short-chain fatty acid" (SCFA) mu cecum yenguruve zvichienzaniswa nenguruve dzakadya formic acid isina kudzivirirwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti vanyori vataure kuti formic acid inogona kusvika mudumbu rezasi kana yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda, zvakaita seformate ne lactate concentrations, kunyange zvazvo zvakakwirira pane zviri munguruve dzakadya kudya kwekudzora, hazvina kusiyana nezviri munguruve dzakadya kudya kusina kudzivirirwa. Kunyangwe nguruve dzakadya formic acid isina kudzivirirwa uye yakachengetedzwa yakaratidza kuwedzera kwe lactic acid katatu, huwandu hwe lactobacilli hahuna kuchinjwa nekurapa kupi zvako. Musiyano unogona kuoneka zvakanyanya kune mamwe ma microorganisms anogadzira lactic acid mu cecum (1) asingaonekwe nenzira idzi uye/kana (2) ane metabolic activity inokanganiswa, nokudaro zvichichinja maitiro ekuvirisa zvekuti resident lactobacilli inoburitsa lactic acid yakawanda.
Kuti tinyatsoongorora migumisiro yezvinowedzera zvekudya pakudya kwemhuka dzepurazi, nzira dzekuziva hutachiona hwepamusoro-soro dzinodiwa. Mumakore mashoma apfuura, kutevedzana kwechizvarwa chinotevera (NGS) che16S RNA gene kwakashandiswa kuona microbiome taxa uye kuenzanisa kusiyana kwenharaunda dzehutachiona (147), izvo zvakapa kunzwisisa kuri nani kwekudyidzana kuripo pakati pezvinowedzera zvekudya uye microbiota yemudumbu yemhuka dzekudya dzakadai sehuku.
Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakashandisa microbiome sequencing kuti zviongorore mhinduro ye microbiome yehuku mudumbu kuti igadzire supplementation. Oakley et al. (148) vakaita ongororo muhuku dzebroiler dzine mazuva makumi mana nemaviri dzakawedzerwa nemisanganiswa yakasiyana-siyana ye formic acid, propionic acid, uye medium-chain fatty acids mumvura yavo yekunwa kana chikafu. Huku dzakabayiwa majekiseni dzakapinzwa mushonga we Salmonella typhimurium strain ine nalidixic acid uye ceca yavo yakabviswa pazera remazuva 0, 7, 21, uye 42. Cecal samples yakagadzirirwa pyrosequencing 454 uye sequencing results dzakaongororwa kuti dzienzaniswe uye dzienzaniswe. Kazhinji, kurapwa hakuna kukanganisa zvakanyanya mazinga e cecal microbiome kana S. Typhimurium. Zvisinei, huwandu hwese hweSalmonella detection hwakaderera sezvo shiri dzaikura, sezvakasimbiswa ne taxonomic analysis ye microbiome, uye huwandu hweSalmonella sequences hwakadererawo nekufamba kwenguva. Vanyori vanoti sezvo huku dzehuku dzakakura, kusiyana kwehuwandu hwehutachiona hwemudumbu kwakawedzera, nekuchinja kukuru mumiti yemudumbu kwakaonekwa mumapoka ese ekurapwa. Muongororo yakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura, Hu et al. (149) vakaenzanisa mhedzisiro yekunwa mvura nekudya chikafu chakawedzerwa nemusanganiswa we organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, uye ammonium formate) uye virginiamycin pamasampuli e cecal microbiome kubva kuhuku dzehuku dzakaunganidzwa pamatanho maviri (mazuva 1-21 nemazuva 22-42). Kunyangwe mimwe misiyano mukusiyana kwe cecal microbiome yakaonekwa pakati pemapoka ekurapwa pamazuva 21 ekuberekwa, hapana mutsauko mukusiyana kwe α- kana β-bacteria kwakaonekwa pamazuva 42. Zvichienderana nekushaikwa kwemisiyano pamazuva 42 ekuberekwa, vanyori vakafungidzira kuti mukana wekukura ungangove wakakonzerwa nekugadzwa kwekutanga kwe microbiome yakasiyana-siyana.
Kuongororwa kwe microbiome kunotarisa chete panharaunda ye cecal microbial kungasaratidze kuti mudumbu mune mhedzisiro yakawanda ye dietary organic acids. Microbiome yepamusoro yedumbu yehuku dze broiler inogona kunge iri nyore kukanganiswa ne dietary organic acids, sezvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yaHume et al. (128). Hume et al. (128) vakaratidza kuti propionate yakawanda yakawedzerwa kunze yakanyudzwa mudumbu repamusoro reshiri. Zvidzidzo zvechangobva kuitwa pamusoro pehunhu hwe microorganisms dzemudumbu zvinotsigirawo maonero aya. Nava et al. (150) vakaratidza kuti musanganiswa we organic acids [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, uye propionic acid (HFP) zvakakanganisa dumbu re microbiota uye zvakawedzera Lactobacillus colonization mu ileum yehuku. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) vakaratidza kuti musanganiswa we organic acid musanganiswa [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, uye propionic acid (HFP) zvakakanganisa microbiota yemudumbu uye zvakawedzera Lactobacillus colonization mu ileum yehuku. (151) vakaongorora kupa huku dzebroiler musanganiswa we formic acid ne propionic acid pahuwandu huviri (0.75% uye 1.50%) kwemazuva makumi matatu nemashanu. Pakupera kwekuyedza, mbeu, dumbu, zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zve ileum, uye cecum zvakabviswa uye sampuro dzakatorwa kuti dziongororwe huwandu hwezvirimwa zvemudumbu uye metabolites vachishandisa RT-PCR. Mutsika, huwandu hwe organic acids hauna kukanganisa kuwanda kweLactobacillus kana Bifidobacterium, asi hwakawedzera huwandu hweClostridium. Mu ileum, shanduko chete yaive kudzikira kweLactobacillus neEnterobacter, nepo mu cecum maruva aya akaramba asina kuchinja (151). Pahuwandu hwakanyanya hwekuwedzera organic acid, huwandu hwese hwe lactic acid (D neL) hwakadzikira muzvirimwa, huwandu hwe organic acids ese ari maviri hwakadzikira mudumbu, uye huwandu hwe organic acids hwakadzikira mu cecum. Pakanga pasina shanduko mu ileum. Nezve short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), shanduko chete muzvirimwa nedumbu reshiri dzakapihwa organic acids yaive mu propionate level. Shiri dzakapihwa organic acid yakaderera yakaratidza kuwedzera kanenge kagumi mu propionate muzvirimwa, nepo shiri dzakapihwa organic acid mbiri dzakaratidza kuwedzera kasere uye kagumi mu propionate mudumbu, zvichiteerana. Kuwedzera kwe acetate mu ileum kwaive kushoma kaviri. Zvese, data iri rinotsigira maonero ekuti mhedzisiro yakawanda yekushandiswa kwe organic acid yekunze yaionekwa mukukohwa, nepo organic acids yaive nemhedzisiro shoma panharaunda ye microorganisms dzemudumbu, zvichiratidza kuti maitiro ekuvirisa e upper gastrointestinal resident flora angave akachinjwa.
Zviri pachena kuti hunhu hwakadzama hwe microbiome hunodiwa kuti tinzwisise zvizere maitiro ehutachiona kuti huumbe mudumbu rese. Kuongorora kwakadzama kwehutachiona hwezvikamu zvemudumbu zvakasiyana, kunyanya zvikamu zvepamusoro zvakaita sezvirimwa, kunogona kupa ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pekusarudzwa kwemapoka etupukanana. Mabasa avo emetabolism uye enzyme anogonawo kuona kana vaine hukama hwakasimba netupukanana tunopinda mudumbu. Zvingave zvinonakidzawo kuita ongororo yemetagenomic kuti tione kana kusangana neacidic chemical additives muhupenyu hweshiri kuchisarudza mabhakitiriya anogara "anokwanisa kushivirira acid", uye kana kuvapo uye/kana metabolic activity yetupukanana utwu kwaizove chimwe chipingamupinyi pakuunganidzwa kwetupukanana.
Formic acid yave ichishandiswa kwemakore mazhinji sechinowedzerwa muzvikafu zvemhuka uye semushonga we silage acidifier. Imwe yenzira dzayo huru yekushandiswa ndeyekudzivisa huwandu hwezvirwere zviri muchikafu uye kupararira kwadzo mudumbu reshiri. Zvidzidzo zve in vitro zvakaratidza kuti formic acid imushonga unoshanda zvakanyanya kurwisa Salmonella nedzimwe zvirwere. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwe formic acid muzvikafu zvemhuka kunogona kuderedzwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvipenyu zviri muzvikafu uye kugona kwadzo kubata. Formic acid inoita kunge ine mhedzisiro inopikisa paSalmonella nedzimwe zvirwere kana ikadyiwa kuburikidza nechikafu kana mvura yekunwa. Zvisinei, kupikisa uku kunoitika zvakanyanya mudumbu repamusoro, sezvo huwandu hwe formic acid hunogona kuderedzwa mudumbu rezasi, sezvinoita propionic acid. Pfungwa yekudzivirira formic acid kuburikidza ne encapsulation inopa nzira inogona kuendesa acid yakawanda kudumbu rezasi. Uyezve, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti musanganiswa we organic acids unoshanda zvakanyanya mukuvandudza mashandiro ehuku pane kupa acid imwe chete (152). Campylobacter iri mudumbu inogona kupindura zvakasiyana kune formate, sezvo inogona kushandisa formate semupi wema electron, uye formate ndiyo sosi yayo huru yesimba. Hazvina kujeka kana kuwedzera huwandu hweforme mudumbu kungabatsira Campylobacter, uye izvi zvingasaitike zvichienderana nezvimwe zvinomera zvemudumbu zvinogona kushandisa formate se substrate.
Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinodiwa kuti tiongorore migumisiro yeasidhi yemudumbu pautachiona husina hutachiona hwemudumbu. Isu tinosarudza kutarisana neutachiona pasina kukanganisa nhengo dzeutachiona hunobatsira kune mhuka. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoda kuongororwa kwakadzama kwe microbiome sequence yenzvimbo idzi dzeutachiona dzinogara mudumbu. Kunyangwe zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaburitswa pa cecal microbiome yeshiri dzakarapwa ne formic acid, kutarisisa kwakawanda kunodiwa kune nharaunda yepamusoro yeutachiona. Kuziva tupukanana uye kuenzanisa kufanana pakati penharaunda dzeutachiona mudumbu kana paine kana pasina formic acid kungave kutsanangura kusina kukwana. Ongororo dzekuwedzera, kusanganisira metabolomics uye metagenomics, dzinodiwa kuti dziratidze mutsauko wekushanda pakati pemapoka akafanana. Kutsanangurwa kwakadaro kwakakosha kuti pave nehukama pakati penharaunda yeutachiona mudumbu uye mhinduro dzekushanda kweshiri kune vanosimudzira formic acid. Kubatanidza nzira dzakawanda dzekutsanangura basa remudumbu nenzira yakarurama kunofanira kugonesa kugadzirwa kwemaitiro ekuwedzera organic acid anoshanda uye pakupedzisira kuvandudza kufanotaura kwehutano hwakanaka hweshiri uye mashandiro uku uchideredza njodzi dzekuchengetedza chikafu.
SR akanyora ongororo iyi achibatsirwa naDD naKR. Vanyori vese vakapa mipiro yakakura kubasa rakapihwa muongororo iyi.
Vanyori vanoti ongororo iyi yakawana mari kubva kuAnitox Corporation kuti itange kunyora nekuburitsa ongororo iyi. Vapi vemari havana simba pamaonero nemhedziso dzakataurwa muchinyorwa chino cheongororo kana pachisarudzo chekuiburitsa.
Vanyori vasara vanoti tsvakiridzo iyi yakaitwa pasina hukama hwekutengeserana kana hwemari hunogona kutsanangurwa sekupesana kwezvido.
Dr. DD vanoda kutenda rutsigiro kubva kuYunivhesiti yeArkansas Graduate School kuburikidza neDistinguished Teaching Fellowship, pamwe nerutsigiro rwuripo kubva kuYunivhesiti yeArkansas Cell and Molecular Biology Program pamwe neDhipatimendi reFood Sciences. Pamusoro pezvo, vanyori vanoda kutenda Anitox nerutsigiro rwekutanga mukunyora ongororo iyi.
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