Sangano reUS Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rakakurudzira kurambidzwa kunenge kushandiswa kwese kwe dichloromethane, inozivikanwawo se dichloromethane, chinowanzo shandiswa solvent uye kugadzirisa rubatsiro. Kurambidzwa kunenge kuchiitwa kuchava nemigumisiro inokosha kune maindasitiri akawanda, ane pakati pe100 ne250 mamiriyoni mapaundi emakemikari anogadzirwa kana kutengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2019. Izvo zvishomanana zvakasara zvinoshandiswa, kusanganisira kushandiswa se reagent yekugadzirwa kweHFC-32, ichava pasi pezvisungo zvakasimba kupfuura ikozvino OSHA mitemo.
EPA yakazivisa zvirambidzo zvakarongwa uye zvirambidzo mumutemo wakarongwa wakatumirwa Chivabvu 3, 2023, 83 Fed. rejista. 28284. Chikumbiro ichi chaizorambidza zvimwe zvese zvinoshandiswa nevatengi zvedichloromethane. Chero kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri nekutengeserana kwedichloromethane, kusanganisira seyekupisa kupisa mvura kana imwe nzira yekubatsira, uye yakawanda inoshandiswa sechinhu chinonyungudutsa, inorambidzwawo, kunze kwekushandisa gumi kwakananga, maviri acho ane hunyanzvi. Kushandiswa kwakarambidzwa uye kusingabatanidzwe kwakanyorwa panoperera yambiro iyi. Mitemo mitsva yakakosha yekushandisa mune ramangwana inogona kuvhara mashandisirwo asina kubatanidzwa mune chero rondedzero.
Izvo gumi zvinoshandiswa zvisina kuvharwa nechirambidzo zvinokonzeresa chinodiwa chekushandisa Workplace Chemical Protection Plan (WCPP) zvichibva pane yeOSHA standard yemethylene chloride, asi neiyo iripo makemikari exposure limits ayo ari 92% yakaderera pane OSHA inobvumira.
Mapato anofarira ane kusvika Chikunguru 3, 2023 kuti ape zvirevo pamusoro pemutemo wakarongwa. EPA yakakumbira mhinduro pamisoro makumi mana nemana, kusanganisira kana izvo zvinodiwa neWCPP zvichifanira kutsiva iyo chaiyo kurambidzwa kwekushandisa uye kana kukurumidza kurambidzwa kwechirongwa kuchigoneka. EPA yakakumbirawo kutaura pamusoro pekuti chero kushandiswa kwakarambidzwa kunokodzera sekushandisa kwakakosha kana kwakakosha, sezvo pasina dzimwe nzira dzakachengeteka dziripo.
Chikumbiro ichi chechipiri chakakurudzirwa neEPA chemakemikari gumi akakosha ari pasi pekuongororwa njodzi pasi peChikamu 6 cheToxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Kutanga, ichi chirevo chekurambidza zvimwe zvese zvinoshandiswa zvechrysotile. Mutemo wechitatu une chekuita neperchlorethylene, iyo yave ichiongororwa neHofisi yeManejimendi uye Budget (OMB) kubva munaFebruary 23, 2023. Kubva munaKurume 20, 2023, gwaro rekupedzisira rekrisotile (ona yambiro yedu) iri pasi peOMB ongororo.
Ongororo yengozi yaJune 2020 yakawana njodzi dzisina kufanira mune zvese kunze kwezvitanhatu mamiriro apo methylene chloride yakashandiswa. Vese vatanhatu vava kubuda muhurongwa hwemashandisirwo akarongwa pasi pezvinodiwa neWCPP. Iyo yaNovember 2022 yakadzokororwa tsananguro yenjodzi yakaratidza kuti dichloromethane kazhinji inoisa njodzi isingaite, paine imwe chete mamiriro ekushandiswa (kugovera kwekutengesa) isingakanganise tsananguro. Kurambidzwa kwakarongwa kunosanganisira kugoverwa kwekutengeserana kune kushandiswa kwakarambidzwa, asi kwete kune WCPP-inoenderana nekushandiswa. Mushure mekuona kuti dichloromethane inoisa njodzi isingaite, Chikamu 6 (a) cheTSCA chave kuda kuti EPA itore mitemo yekudzora njodzi yekemikari kusvika painodiwa kuti isaite njodzi yakadaro.
EPA yakamborambidza vatengi kushandisa methylene chloride kubvisa pendi uye machira, 40 CFR § 751.105. EPA parizvino iri kuronga kurambidza kushandiswa kwese kwevatengi kusina kuvharwa nechikamu 751.105, kusanganisira kugadzira, kugadzirisa, uye kugovera kwekutengesa kwemethylene chloride uye zvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride nekuda kweizvi.
Pamusoro pezvo, EPA iri kuronga kurambidza kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri nekutengeserana kwedichloromethane iyo isingaenderane nezvinodiwa neWCPP, kusanganisira kugadzira, kugadzira, kugovera kwekutengesa, uye kushandiswa pasi pemamiriro aya ekushandiswa.
Kupera kweyambiro iyi kunodoma makumi mana neshanu emamiriro ekunze eindasitiri, ekutengesa, uye nevatengi akanzi arambidzwe. Rondedzero iyi inotorwa kubva ku2020 Risk Assessment. Pamusoro pezvo, EPA inoronga kutora Yakakosha New Use Regulation (SNUR) iyo inoshanda kune chero dichloromethane kana zvigadzirwa zvine dichloromethane zvisina kubatanidzwa mukuongororwa kwenjodzi. Iyo yekudzora ajenda yakaburitswa muna Ndira inoronga SNUR yakarongwa muna Kubvumbi 2023 (EPA yakatopotsa zuva iroro) uye yekupedzisira SNUR panosvika Kurume 2024.
EPA inofungidzira kuti kurambidzwa uku kuchaverengera chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chegore rose rekugadzirwa kwemethylene chloride kana kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kuTSCA nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa.
[T] mutemo waakaronga haushande kune chero chinhu chisina kubatanidzwa kubva kutsanangudzo ye "kemikari" pasi peChikamu 3(2) (B) (ii)-(vi) cheTSCA. Kusabatanidzwa uku kunosanganisira, asi hakugumiri ku… chero chikafu, chikafu chekuwedzera, mushonga, chizoro, kana mudziyo, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa muChikamu 201 cheFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, kana ichigadzirwa, kugadzirwa, kana kugoverwa nechinangwa chekutengesa. . zvekushandisa muzvikafu, zvekudya zvinowedzera, zvinodhaka, zvekuzora kana midziyo…
Nezve zvinonamira mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri anotarisirwa kushandiswa pakurapa, sekutsanangurwa kwechikamu 201 (h) cheFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, izvo zvakatsanangurwa zvinoshandiswa zvinofanirwa se "midziyo" kana "yakagadzirwa, yakagadziriswa, kana kugoverwa kuti ishandiswe semudziyo" yaizobviswa kubva kutsanangudzo ye "kemikari" uye nokudaro yaisazoitwa pasi payo.
Kushandiswa kwe dichloromethane semvura inoshanda muchirongwa chakavharwa muchirongwa chemishonga inoda kushandiswa kwayo sechinhu chinonyungudutsa mukuchenesa zvinodhaka, uye [EPA] yakagumisa kuti kushandiswa uku kunowira pasi pezvisizvo kune tsanangudzo dziri pamusoro, uye kwete "kemikari" maererano neTSCA.
Kurambidzwa kwekukurudzira kunorambidza kuchengetwa kwemethylene chloride uye zvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride. Iyo EPA inokumbira kuti vataure kana imwe nguva ichidikanwa, semuenzaniso, yekuchenesa nzira dzekugovera zvigadzirwa zvakarambidzwa. Tichipihwa chikumbiro chekutaura izvozvi, EPA inogona kusada kufunga nezve zvikumbiro zvekuwedzera pane imwe nguva inotevera.
Sezvinoratidzwa ne45 Yakarambidzwa Kushandisa Mamiriro, methylene chloride inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri mazhinji, kusanganisira seyakanyungudutsa uye seyamuro yekugadzirisa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chikumbiro ichi, kana chikapedzwa, chinokanganisa maindasitiri mazhinji. Iyo 2020 Risk Ongororo inosimbisa dzimwe nzvimbo dzekushandisa:
Dichloromethane ine dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira sealants, zvigadzirwa zvemotokari, uye pendi uye zvekubvisa coating. Dichloromethane inonyatso kuzivikanwa senzira yekunyungudutsa mupende yakapfava uye mune zvemishonga uye firimu coating application. Inoshandiswa sechinhu chinofuridza chepolyurethane uye mukugadzira mafiriji ehydrofluorocarbon (HFC) akadai seHFC-32. Inowanikwawo mune aerosol propellants uye zvinonyungudutsa zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira zvemagetsi, kuchenesa simbi uye degreasing, uye kupedzisa fenicha.
Tarisiro yekurambidza kushandiswa kwakawanda kwemethylene chloride inomutsa mibvunzo inonetsa nezvedzimwe nzira dzinoshanda. EPA inotarisa nyaya iyi kana ichiongorora dzimwe nzira, dzinotsanangurwa munhanganyaya sezvizvi:
Kuti uone mazwi ekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa izvo parizvino zvine methylene chloride, EPA yakaratidza mazana ezvekutengesa asiri emethylene chloride dzimwe nzira uye, kusvika pamwero unogoneka, yakanyora yakasarudzika maumbirwo emakemikari kana zvinongedzo muAlternatives Assessment. .
EPA yakaratidza 65 zvimwe zvigadzirwa mupende uye coating remover chikamu, iyo yekupedzisa fenicha chikamu chidiki (ref. 48). Sezvakataurwa mukuongorora kwehupfumi, kunyange zvisiri zvese izvi zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvingave zvakakodzera kune zvimwe zvinangwa zvezvimwe zvigadziriso zvekugadzira fenicha, mechanical kana thermal nzira dzingave dzisiri dzemakemikari dzimwe nzira dzekushandisa zvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride yependi nekubvisa coating. … …EPA inotenda kuti pane dzimwe nzira dzehunyanzvi uye dzehupfumi pamusika…
[A] Zvimwe kune methylene chloride isingaonekwe seyamuro yekugadzirisa. EPA iri kukumbira ruzivo pamusoro pedzimwe nzira dzingangoitwa kune methylene chloride kugadzirisa aids sezvo ine chekuita nesarudzo dzakarongwa dzekutonga pasi peChibvumirano ichi.
Kushaikwa kwedzimwe nzira dzakatangwa dzinogona kushandiswa sezvibatanidzwa idambudziko rinogona kuitika. EPA inotsanangura mazwi ekushandiswa se:
Iko kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri kana kwekutengesa kwedichloromethane kuvandudza mashandiro echigadzirwa kana mashandiro emidziyo, kana kana dichloromethane yawedzerwa kune imwe nzira kana kune chinhu kana musanganiswa unogadziriswa kushandura kana kuvharira pH yechinhu kana musanganiswa. Mushandi wekurapa haaite chikamu chechigadzirwa chemaitiro uye haakanganisa kushanda kwechinhu chabuda kana chinyorwa.
Dichloromethane inoshandiswa se "process additive" uye inoshandiswa senzira yekupisa kupisa mumasisitimu akavharwa. Mutemo wakarongwa waizorambidzawo kushandiswa kwedichloromethane uku kunyangwe yakaderera mukana wekufumurwa. Nekudaro, iyo nhanganyaya inowedzera:
EPA yakakumbira tsinhiro pamusoro pekuti mamwe masangano anoshandisa methylene chloride serubatsiro rwekugadzirisa achatevedzera zvakarongwa zveWCPP zvinodiwa zvemethylene chloride. Kana masangano akati wandei achigona kuratidzira kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwe data rekutarisa uye nzira tsananguro kuti kuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa kwemethylene chloride hakufumuri vashandi kune njodzi isina kufanira, EPA inosimbisa kuda kwayo kupedzisa mutemo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu [semuenzaniso kushandiswa senge nzira yekupisa kupisa] kana mamiriro ese ekushandiswa [serubatsiro rwekugadzirisa] anogona kuenderera maererano neWCPP…
Nokudaro, makambani anoshandisa methylene chloride mumashandisirwo ane simba rakaderera, zvakadai semvura yekufambisa kupisa, ane sarudzo yekukumbira EPA kuti ichinje kurambidzwa kwakarongwa pakushandiswa kwakadaro kunoda kushandiswa kweWCPP-chero bedzi vanogona kuratidza kuEPA kuti vanogona kutevedzera zvinodiwa neWCCP zvinokurukurwa pasi apa. The Environmental Protection Agency yakatiwo:
Kana EPA isingakwanisi kuona dzimwe nzira dzekushandiswa kwemamiriro aya uye isingapi mamwe mashoko kuti EPA igone kuona kuti WCPP inobvisa njodzi isina musoro Yakakodzera Maitiro.
Chikamu 6 (d) chinoda kuti EPA iite kuti itevedzwe nekukurumidza, asi pasati papfuura makore mashanu mushure mekupihwa kwemutemo wekupedzisira. Mune mamwe mazwi, kushandiswa kwakadaro kunogona kukodzera kuwedzerwa kwenguva yekuteerera.
Pamamiriro gumi ekushandiswa akanyorwa pazasi, anosanganisira kugadzira uye kugadzirisa kugadzira HFC-32, kudzokorodza uye kuraswa, EPA yakurudzira Workplace Exposure Controls (kureva WCPP) seimwe nzira kune kurambidzwa. Matanho ekudzora anosanganisira zvinodikanwa zvemiganhu yekufumurwa, nzvimbo dzakadzorwa, kutarisisa (kusanganisira kutsva kwekutarisa zvinodiwa zvinoenderana neakanaka marabhoritari maitiro), kutevedzera maitiro, kudzivirira kufema, kudzivirira ganda, uye dzidzo. Mitemo iyi inowedzera iyo OSHA methylene chloride standard 29 CFR § 1910.1052, asi zvakanyanya kubva pachiyero ichocho neshanduko imwe yakakosha.
OSHA miyero (yakatanga kugamuchirwa muna 1997) ine Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) ye25 ppm (8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)) uye Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) ye125 ppm (15-miniti TWA) . Mukuenzanisa, ikozvino TSCA Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) ndeye 2 ppm (8 awa TWA) uye STEL iri 16 ppm (15 miniti TWA). Saka ECEL ingori 8% yeOSHA PEL uye EPA STEL ichave 12.8% yeOSHA STEL. Kudzora mazinga anofanirwa kushandiswa zvinoenderana neECEL uye STEL, ine tekinoroji yekudzora iri yekutanga kukosha uye kushandiswa kwemidziyo yekudzivirira yega sarudzo yekupedzisira.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanosangana neOSHA zvinodiwa vanogona kusasangana neECEL uye STEL yakakurudzirwa. Kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekugona kuzadzisa zvigadziro izvi ndicho chikonzero chakaita kuti EPA irambidze kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri nekutengeserana kwemethylene chloride uye zvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride.
Pamusoro pekugadzira nekugadzirisa kushandiswa kwakanyorwa, zvisungo zveWCPP zvinoshandawo pakurasa uye kugadzirisa kwemethylene chloride uye zvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride. Nekuda kweizvozvo, makambani ekurasa marara uye vanogadzira zvakare vangave vasina kujairana neTSCA zvinodiwa vanozoda kufamba kupfuura OSHA zviyero.
Tichifunga nezvehupamhi hwekurambidzwa kwakarongwa uye huwandu hwemaindasitiri evashandisi anogona kukanganiswa, zvirevo pamusoro pemutemo wakarongwa uyu zvingave zvakakosha kupfuura zvakajairika. Mhinduro dzichaendeswa kuEPA pasati pasvika July 3, 2023. The Preamble inokurudzira kuti masangano ape pfungwa pamusoro pezvinodiwa zvemapepa zvakananga kuOMB panosvika June 2, 2023.
Asati ataura, makambani uye masangano ekutengeserana (kubva pamaonero enhengo dzavo) anogona kuda kufunga zvinotevera:
Vatsinhanisi vangada kutsanangura mashandisiro avo emethylene chloride, kudzora kwavo kweinjiniya kudzikamisa kuratidzwa, ikozvino OSHA methylene chloride kutevedzera chirongwa, mhedzisiro yeindasitiri yekuongorora hutsanana hwemethylene chloride (uye kuti inofananidzwa sei neECEL vs. STEL kuenzanisa). ; matambudziko ehunyanzvi ane chekuita nekuziva kana kushandura kune imwe nzira kune methylene chloride yekushandisa kwavo; zuva ravanogona kushandura kune imwe nzira (kana zvichibvira); uye kukosha kwekushandisa kwavo methylene chloride.
Maonero akadai anogona kutsigira kuwedzera kwenguva yekuteerera pakushandiswa kwayo, kana chinodiwa cheEPA chekusunungura mamwe mashandisirwo emethylene chloride kubva mukurambidzwa pasi peChikamu 6(g) cheTSCA. Chikamu 6(g)(1) chinoti:
Kana maneja akaona kuti…
(A) mashandisirwo akataurwa akakosha kana akakosha mashandisirwo ayo asina tekinoroji uye mune zvehupfumi nzira dzakachengeteka, tichifunga nezvenjodzi nemhedzisiro;
(B) kutevedzera zvinodiwa kune mamwe mamiriro ekushandiswa kungangokanganisa zvakanyanya hupfumi hwenyika, kuchengetedzwa kwenyika, kana zvakakosha zvivakwa; kana
(C) Mamiriro akatsanangurwa ekushandiswa kwekemikari kana musanganiswa anopa hutano hwakakosha, nharaunda kana chengetedzo yeruzhinji kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dziripo.
Batanidza mamiriro ezvinhu, kusanganisira kuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvine musoro, kutarisa uye kushuma zvinodiwa, kusvika pamwero wekuti Administrator anoona kuti mamiriro aya anodiwa kuchengetedza hutano uye zvakatipoteredza achisangana nechinangwa chekuregererwa.
Nhanganyaya inotaura kuti EPA ichafunga kuregera Chikamu 6(g) kana pasina dzimwe nzira dzinogoneka uye kuita zvinodiwa neWCPP hazvigoneke:
Neimwe nzira, kana EPA isingakwanisi kuona imwe nzira yemamiriro aya ekushandiswa [senzvimbo yekupisa kupisa] uye, zvichibva paruzivo rutsva, EPA inoona kuti kurambidzwa kwekushandisa kungakanganisa zvakanyanya kuchengetedzwa kwenyika kana zvivako zvakakosha, Agency The EPA ichaongorora TSCA Chikamu 6 (g) kuregererwa.
Vatsinhanisi vanogona kuratidza kana vachikwanisa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa neWCPP, uye kana zvisiri, ndezvipi zvinodzikisira zvinodiwa zvekufumurwa zvavanogona kusangana nazvo.
Disclaimer: Nekuda kwezvakajairwa zvechigadziriso ichi, ruzivo rwunopihwa pano runogona kusashanda mumamiriro ese ezvinhu, uye harufanirwe kuitwa pasina zano remutemo rakanangana nemamiriro ako ezvinhu.
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