Sangano reUS Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rakakurudzira kurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwese kwe dichloromethane, inozivikanwawo se dichloromethane, chinhu chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirisa zvinhu. Kurambidzwa uku kuchakanganisa zvakanyanya maindasitiri mazhinji, nemakemikari anorema mapaundi zana kusvika mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni anogadzirwa kana kutengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2019. Mashandisirwo mashoma asara, kusanganisira kushandiswa se reagent pakugadzira HFC-32, achave pasi pemitemo yakaoma kupfuura mitemo yeOSHA iripo.
EPA yakazivisa kurambidzwa kwakarongwa uye zvirambidzo mumutemo wakarongwa wakaburitswa Chivabvu 3, 2023, 83 Fed. rejista. 28284. Chikumbiro ichi chicharambidza kushandiswa kwese kwe dichloromethane nevatengi. Chero kushandiswa kwe dichloromethane mumaindasitiri nemabhizimisi, kusanganisira semvura yekufambisa kupisa kana imwe nzira yekubatsira, uye kushandiswa kwakawanda semusanganiswa, kucharambidzwawo, kunze kwekushandiswa gumi kwakanangana, maviri acho ari ehunyanzvi. Kushandiswa kwakarambidzwa uye kwakabviswa kwakanyorwa pakupera kweyambiro iyi. Mitemo mitsva yekushandisa inokosha mune ramangwana inogona kufukidza kushandiswa kusina kuiswa mune chero rondedzero.
Mashandisirwo gumi asina kuvharwa nekurambidzwa uku achaita kuti pave nechinodiwa chekuisa chirongwa chekuchengetedza makemikari muWorkplace Chemical Protection Plan (WCPP) zvichibva pachiyero cheOSHA chemethylene chloride, asi nemiganhu iripo yekusvibiswa kwemakemikari yakaderera ne92% pane inobvumirwa neOSHA.
Vanhu vane chido vane kusvika Chikunguru 3, 2023 kuti vape pfungwa dzavo pamusoro pemutemo wakarongwa. EPA yakakumbira pfungwa dzavo pamusoro penyaya makumi mana neina, kusanganisira kana chinodiwa cheWCPP chichifanira kutsiva mutemo chaiwo wekurambidza kushandiswa uye kana purogiramu yekurambidza nekukurumidza ichikwanisika. EPA yakakumbirawo pfungwa dzavo pamusoro pekuti kushandiswa kupi zvako kwakarambidzwa kunokodzera kushandiswa kwakakosha kana kwakakosha, sezvo pasina dzimwe nzira dzakachengeteka dziripo.
Chikumbiro ichi ndechechipiri chakakurudzirwa neEPA chemakemikari gumi akakosha ari pasi peChikamu 6 cheToxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Chekutanga, ichi chikumbiro chekurambidza kushandiswa kwese kwechrysotile. Mutemo wechitatu unobata perchlorethylene, iyo yave ichiongororwa neHofisi yeManagement and Budget (OMB) kubvira Kukadzi 23, 2023. Kubva munaKurume 20, 2023, gwaro remutemo wekupedzisira wechrysotile (ona yambiro yedu) riri pasi peOMB.
Ongororo yengozi yakaitwa muna Chikumi 2020 yakawana njodzi dzisina kukodzera mumamiriro ese kunze kwematanhatu apo methylene chloride yakashandiswa. Ose matanhatu ikozvino aripo pane runyorwa rwemashoko ekushandisa akarongwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neWCPP. Tsananguro yakavandudzwa yaMbudzi 2022 yenjodzi yakaratidza kuti dichloromethane ine njodzi isina musoro zvachose, ine mamiriro ekushandisa rimwe chete (kugoverwa kwekutengeserana) asina chekuita netsanangudzo. Kurambidzwa kwakarongwa kwaizosanganisira kugoverwa kwekutengeserana kwezvinangwa zvinorambidzwa, asi kwete kwekushandiswa kunoenderana neWCPP. Zvavakaona kuti dichloromethane ine njodzi isina musoro, Chikamu 6(a) cheTSCA ikozvino chinoda kuti EPA itore mitemo yekutarisira njodzi yekemikari kusvika padanho rinodiwa kuitira kuti isazove nenjodzi yakadaro.
EPA yakamborambidza vatengi kushandisa methylene chloride kubvisa pendi nependi, 40 CFR § 751.105. EPA parizvino iri kuronga kurambidza kushandiswa kwese kwevatengi kusina kutaurwa muchikamu 751.105, kusanganisira kugadzirwa, kugadziriswa, uye kugoverwa kwemethylene chloride nezvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride mukutengeserana kwezvinangwa izvi.
Pamusoro pezvo, EPA iri kuronga kurambidza kushandiswa kwese kwe dichloromethane mumaindasitiri nemabhizimisi uko kusingatevedzerwe zvinodiwa neWCPP, kusanganisira kugadzira, kugadzirisa, kugovera, uye kushandisa pasi pemamiriro aya ekushandisa.
Mugumo weyambiro iyi unoratidza mamiriro eindasitiri, ekutengeserana, uye evatengi makumi mana nemashanu ari kurongwa kuti arambidzwe. Rondedzero iyi yakatorwa kubva mu2020 Risk Assessment. Pamusoro pezvo, EPA inoronga kugamuchira Murau Unoshandiswa Zvitsva Unokosha (SNUR) unoshanda kune chero dichloromethane kana zvigadzirwa zvine dichloromethane zvisina kuiswa muongororo yengozi. Ajenda yemutemo yakaburitswa muna Ndira inofungidzira SNUR yakarongwa panosvika Kubvumbi 2023 (EPA yatotadza zuva iroro) uye SNUR yekupedzisira panosvika Kurume 2024.
EPA inofungidzira kuti kurambidzwa uku kuchasanganisira chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chekugadzirwa kwemethylene chloride pagore kana kutengeswa kweTSCA nedzimwe nzira dzekushandisa.
Mutemo uyu haushande kune chero chinhu chakabviswa mutsananguro ye "makemikari" pasi peChikamu 3(2)(B)(ii)-(vi) cheTSCA. Izvi zvinosanganisirwa, asi hazvigumiri pa… chero chikafu, chinowedzera kudya, mushonga, chizoro, kana mudziyo, sezvakatsanangurwa muChikamu 201 cheFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, kana chagadzirwa, chakagadzirwa, kana kugoverwa kune zvinangwa zvekutengeserana. . yekushandiswa muzvikafu, zvizoro zvekudya, mishonga, zvizoro kana michina…
Nezvezvinonamira mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri akagadzirirwa kushandiswa pakurapa, sezvakatsanangurwa muchikamu 201(h) cheFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, mashandisirwo akatarwa anofanirwa kunge ari "midziyo" kana "yakagadzirwa, yakagadziriswa, kana kugoverwa kuti ishandiswe semudziyo" yaizobviswa kubva mutsanangudzo ye "makemikari" uye nokudaro yaisazove pasi pemutemo kana ikasimudzirwa zvakare.
Kushandiswa kwe dichloromethane semvura inoshanda muhurongwa hwakavharwa mukuita kwemishonga kunoda kushandiswa kwayo semushonga unobvisa mishonga mukuchenesa mishonga, uye [EPA] yakagumisa kuti kushandiswa uku kunowira pasi pezvimwe zvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, kwete "makemikari" maererano neTSCA.
Kurambidzwa kwezvinokurudzira zvinorambidza kuchengetwa kwemethylene chloride nezvinhu zvine methylene chloride. EPA inokumbira kuti pave nepfungwa yekuti nguva yakawedzerwa inodiwa here, semuenzaniso, kuchenesa nzira dzekugovera zvigadzirwa zvakarambidzwa. Zvichienderana nechikumbiro chepfungwa izvozvi, EPA inogona kunge isingade kufunga nezvezvikumbiro zvekuwedzera pane imwe nguva inotevera.
Sezvinoratidzwa ne45 Prohibited Use Conditions, methylene chloride inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri akawanda, kusanganisira se solvent uye semubatsiri wekugadzirisa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chirongwa ichi, kana chikapedzwa, chichakanganisa maindasitiri akawanda. Kuongororwa kweNjodzi kwa2020 kunoratidza dzimwe nzvimbo dzekushandisa:
Dichloromethane ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira zvinonamira, zvigadzirwa zvemotokari, uye zvinobvisa pendi nependi. Dichloromethane inozivikanwa semushonga wekugadzirisa muzvinapukisi zvependi uye mumishonga nependi. Inoshandiswa semushonga wekuputira polyurethane uye mukugadzira mafiriji ehydrofluorocarbon (HFC) akadai seHFC-32. Inowanikwawo muzvinapukisi zveaerosol uye zvinonyungudutsa zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira zvemagetsi, kuchenesa nekubvisa mafuta esimbi, uye kupedzisa fenicha.
Kurambidzwa kushandiswa kwemethylene chloride kwakawanda kunomutsa mibvunzo mikuru nezvedzimwe nzira dzinoshanda. EPA inofunga nezvenyaya iyi painoongorora dzimwe nzira, idzo dzinotsanangurwa musumo seinotevera:
Kuti ione mashandisirwo ezvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride parizvino, EPA yakaona mazana ezvimwe zvinoshandiswa mukutengesa zvisiri zvemethylene chloride uye, kusvika pazvinogoneka, yakanyora makemikari azvo akasiyana kana zvinhu zviri muAlternatives Assessment.
EPA yakaona zvigadzirwa zvinosvika makumi matanhatu nezvishanu muchikamu chekubvisa pendi nependi, izvo zvinopedzisa fenicha zviri muchikamu chidiki (ref. 48). Sezvakaratidzwa muongororo yehupfumi, kunyangwe zvisiri zvese zvigadzirwa izvi zvingakodzera zvinangwa zvemamwe mashandisirwo ekugadzirisa fenicha, nzira dzemakanika kana dzekupisa dzinogona kunge dziri dzimwe nzira dzisiri dzemakemikari dzekushandisa zvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride yekubvisa pendi nependi. … …EPA inotenda kuti kune dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda pamusika…
[A] Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa panzvimbo pemethylene chloride hazvizivikanwe sezvinhu zvinobatsira pakugadzirisa. EPA iri kukumbira ruzivo nezvezvimwe zvingangoshandiswa panzvimbo pemethylene chloride zvinoshandiswa pakugadzirisa maererano nesarudzo dzekudzora dzakarongwa pasi peChibvumirano ichi.
Kushaikwa kwemamwe mashandisirwo akawanikwa anogona kushandiswa seanowedzera idambudziko rinogona kuitika. EPA inotsanangura mazwi ekushandisa se:
Kushandiswa kwe dichloromethane mumaindasitiri kana mumabhizinesi kuvandudza mashandiro emuchina wekugadzira kana wekugadzira, kana kana dichloromethane yawedzerwa kune imwe nzira kana kune chinhu kana musanganiswa kuti ugadziriswe kuti uchinje kana kudzikamisa pH yechinhu kana musanganiswa. Mushonga wekurapa hauve chikamu chemushonga wekuita uye haukanganisi mashandiro echinhu kana chinhu chinobuda.
Dichloromethane inoshandiswa se "process additive" uye inoshandiswa senzvimbo yekufambisa kupisa mumasisitimu akavharwa. Mutemo wakarongwa uyu unorambidzawo kushandiswa kwe dichloromethane iyi kunyangwe ine mukana mudiki wekushandiswa. Zvisinei, sumo yacho inowedzera kuti:
EPA yakakumbira mashoko pamusoro pekuti mamwe masangano anoshandisa methylene chloride semubatsiri wekugadzirisa achatevedzera sei zvinodiwa neWCPP zvemethylene chloride. Kana masangano akati wandei akakwanisa kuratidza kuburikidza nekubatanidza data rekutarisa uye tsananguro dzemaitiro kuti kushandiswa kwemethylene chloride kunoramba kuchiisa vashandi panjodzi isina kukodzera, EPA inosimbisa kuda kwayo kupedzisa mutemo upi pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu [semuenzaniso kushandiswa senzvimbo yekupisa] kana mamiriro akajairika ekushandisa [semubatsiri wekugadzirisa] anogona kuramba achienderera mberi zvichienderana neWCPP…
Saka, makambani anoshandisa methylene chloride mukushandiswa kusina simba rakawanda, senge mvura dzinofambisa kupisa, ane sarudzo yekukumbira EPA kuti ichinje mutemo wekurambidza kushandiswa kwakadaro kuti ide kuti WCPP ishandiswe—chero bedzi vachigona kuratidza kuEPA kuti vanogona kutevedzera zvinodiwa neWCCP zvakurukurwa pazasi. Environmental Protection Agency yakatiwo:
Kana EPA ikasakwanisa kuona chero imwe nzira yekushandisa iyi mamiriro uye ikasapa rumwe ruzivo kuti ikwanise kuona kuti WCPP inobvisa njodzi isina musoro, Appropriate Disposition.
Chikamu 6(d) chinoda kuti EPA iite kuti mutemo uyu utevedzwe nekukurumidza, asi kwete mushure memakore mashanu mushure mekuburitswa kwemutemo wekupedzisira. Nemamwe mashoko, kushandiswa kwakadaro kunogona kukodzera kuwedzerwa kwenguva yekutevedzera mutemo.
Pamitemo gumi yekushandiswa yakanyorwa pazasi, kusanganisira kugadzirwa nekugadzirisa kugadzira HFC-32, kudzokorodza uye kuraswa, EPA yakakurudzira Kudzora Kuonekwa Kwebasa (kureva WCPP) seimwe nzira yekurambidza. Matanho ekudzora anosanganisira zvinodiwa zvemiganhu yekuonekwa, nzvimbo dzinodzorwa, kutarisa kuratidzwa (kusanganisira zvinodiwa zvitsva zvekutarisa zvinoenderana nemaitiro akanaka erabhoritari), maitiro ekutevedzera mitemo, dziviriro yekufema, dziviriro yeganda, uye dzidzo. Mitemo iyi inowedzera chiyero cheOSHA methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, asi inonyanya kuenderana nechiyero ichocho neshanduko imwe chete inokosha.
Maitiro eOSHA (akatanga kushandiswa muna 1997) ane Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) ye25 ppm (avhareji yenguva yemaawa masere (TWA)) uye Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) ye125 ppm (TWA yemaminitsi gumi nemashanu). Kana tichienzanisa, TSCA Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) iripo parizvino i2 ppm (TWA yeawa masere) uye STEL i16 ppm (TWA yemaminitsi gumi nemashanu). Saka ECEL i8% chete yeOSHA PEL uye EPA STEL ichave 12.8% yeOSHA STEL. Mazinga ekudzora anofanirwa kushandiswa zvichienderana neECEL neSTEL, nekudzora kwehunyanzvi kuri iko kunonyanya kukosha uye kushandiswa kwemidziyo yekudzivirira munhu ndiyo nzira yekupedzisira.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanozadzisa zvinodiwa neOSHA vanogona kusazadzisa zvinodiwa neECEL neSTEL. Kusava nechokwadi nezvekukwanisa kuzadzisa miganhu iyi yekusvibiswa ndicho chinhu chakaita kuti EPA irambidze kushandiswa kwemethylene chloride nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride mumaindasitiri nemabhizinesi.
Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwekugadzira nekugadzira kwakanyorwa, mitemo yeWCPP inoshandawo pakurasa nekugadzira methylene chloride nezvigadzirwa zvine methylene chloride. Nekuda kweizvozvo, makambani ekurasa marara nevanogadzirazve marara avo vangave vasina ruzivo nezvezvinodiwa neTSCA vachafanirwa kupfuurira mberi kwemitemo yeOSHA.
Zvichienderana nehukuru hwekurambidzwa kwakarongwa uye huwandu hwemaindasitiri evashandisi anogona kukanganiswa, mhinduro pamusoro pemutemo uyu wakarongwa dzinogona kunge dzakakosha kupfuura zvakajairika. Mhinduro dzichaendeswa kuEPA panosvika Chikunguru 3, 2023. Chinyorwa chekutanga chinokurudzira kuti masangano atumire mhinduro pamusoro pezvinodiwa zvemapepa zvakananga kuOMB panosvika Chikumi 2, 2023.
Vasati vataura, makambani nemasangano evashandi (kubva pamaonero enhengo dzavo) vangada kufunga nezvezvinotevera:
Vatsinhiri vangada kutsanangura mashandisirwo avanoitwa methylene chloride, mainjiniya avo ekugadzirisa kusvibiswa, chirongwa cheOSHA methylene chloride chazvino, mhedzisiro yekutarisa hutsanana hwemaindasitiri yemethylene chloride (uye kuti inoenzaniswa sei nekuenzanisa kweECEL vs. STEL). ; matambudziko ehunyanzvi ane chekuita nekuziva kana kuchinja kune imwe nzira yekushandiswa kwemethylene chloride; zuva ravanogona kuchinja kune imwe nzira (kana zvichibvira); uye kukosha kwekushandisa kwavo methylene chloride.
Mashoko akadaro anogona kutsigira kuwedzerwa kwenguva yekutevedzera mitemo yekushandiswa kwayo, kana chinodiwa cheEPA chekusunungura mamwe mashandisirwo emethylene chloride kubva mukurambidzwa pasi peChikamu 6(g) cheTSCA. Chikamu 6(g)(1) chinoti:
Kana mutungamiriri akaona kuti…
(A) mashandisirwo akataurwa aya mashandisirwo akakosha kana akakosha ayo asina dzimwe nzira dzakachengeteka dzehunyanzvi uye dzezvehupfumi, tichifunga nezvenjodzi nemigumisiro;
(B) kutevedzera zvinodiwa zvinoenderana nemamiriro chaiwo ekushandiswa kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya hupfumi hwenyika, kuchengetedzeka kwenyika, kana zvivakwa zvakakosha; kana
(C) Mamiriro akatarwa ekushandiswa kwekemikari kana musanganiswa anopa pundutso huru yehutano, nharaunda kana kuchengetedzeka kweveruzhinji kana zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dziripo.
Isawo zvinodiwa, zvinosanganisira kuchengetwa kwezvinyorwa zvine musoro, kutarisa uye kushuma, kusvika panosvika Mutongi paanoona kuti zvinodiwa izvi zvinodiwa kuchengetedza hutano nenharaunda uku achizadzisa chinangwa chekusunungurwa.
Nhanganyaya yacho inotaura kuti EPA ichafunga nezvekusiya Chikamu 6(g) kana pasina dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda uye kusangana nezvinodiwa neWCPP zvisingaite:
Neimwe nzira, kana EPA ikasakwanisa kusarudza imwe nzira yekushandisa iyi [senzira yekufambisa kupisa] uye, zvichibva paruzivo rutsva, EPA inoona kuti kurambidzwa kushandiswa kwacho kuchakanganisa zvakanyanya kuchengetedzeka kwenyika kana zvivakwa zvakakosha, Agency The EPA ichaongorora kuregererwa kweTSCA Chikamu 6(g).
Vatsinhiri vanogona kuratidza kana vachikwanisa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa neWCPP, uye kana zvisiri, kuti ndezvipi zvinodiwa zvinoganhurira kuratidzwa kwavanogona kuzadzisa.
Chiziviso: Nekuda kwehunhu hwekuvandudzwa uku, ruzivo rwuri pano runogona kusashanda mumamiriro ese ezvinhu, uye harufanirwe kushandiswa pasina zano repamutemo rakanangana nemamiriro ako chaiwo.
© Beveridge & Diamond PC var nhasi = Zuva idzva(); var yyyy = nhasi. tora Gore Rakazara(); document.write(yyyy + ” “); | Zuva rekupedzisira regore
Kodzero © var nhasi = Zuva idzva(); var yyyy = nhasi. tora Gore Rakazara(); document.write(yyyy + ” “); JD Ditto LLC