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Kusvibiswa kweCadmium (Cd) kunogona kukanganisa kurimwa kwemuti wekurapa wePanax notoginseng muYunnan. Pasi pekumanikidzwa kweCd kunze, kuyedzwa kwakaitwa mumunda kuti kunzwisise mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwe lime (0, 750, 2250 uye 3750 kg/h/m2) uye kupfapfaidza foliar ne oxalic acid (0, 0.1 uye 0.2 mol/L) pakuunganidzwa kweCd ne antioxidant. Zvikamu zvePanax notoginseng zvine systemic uye medical. Zvakawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti pasi pekumanikidzwa kweCd, lime ne foliar spray ne oxalic acid zvinogona kuwedzera huwandu hweCa2+ hwePanax notoginseng uye kuderedza chepfu yeCd2+. Kuwedzera lime ne oxalic acid kwakawedzera mashandiro ema antioxidant enzymes uye kwakachinja metabolism ye osmotic regulators. Chinonyanya kukosha kuwedzera kwebasa reCAT ne2.77 times. Pasi pekumanikidzwa kwe oxalic acid, basa reSOD rakawedzera kusvika 1.78 times. Huremu hweMDA hwakaderera ne58.38%. Pane hukama hwakakosha neshuga inonyungudika, maamino acids asina kuchena, proline uye protein inonyungudika. Lime ne oxalic acid zvinogona kuwedzera huwandu hwecalcium ion (Ca2+) muPanax notoginseng, kuderedza huwandu hweCd, kuwedzera kuramba kwekushushikana kwePanax notoginseng, uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwemasaponins ese nemaflavonoids. Huremu hweCd hwakaderera, 68.57% pasi pane hutongi, uye hunoenderana nehuwandu hwakajairika (Cd≤0.5 mg kg-1, GB/T 19086-2008). Chikamu cheSPN chaive 7.73%, kusvika padanho repamusoro pakati pemishonga yese, uye huwandu hweflavonoid hwakawedzera zvakanyanya ne21.74%, kusvika padanho rekurapa rakajairika uye goho rakanaka.
Cadmium (Cd) chinhu chinowanzo svibisa ivhu rinorimwa, chinotama nyore uye chine chepfu yakakura yehupenyu. El-Shafei et al2 vakataura kuti chepfu yecadmium inokanganisa kunaka uye kubereka kwezvirimwa zvinoshandiswa. Huwandu hwakawanda hwecadmium muvhu rinorimwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina hwave hwakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura. Yunnan Province ndiyo humambo hwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana eChina, ine mhando dzemiti yemishonga dziri pekutanga munyika. Zvisinei, Yunnan Province yakapfuma muzvicherwa, uye maitiro ekuchera migodhi anotungamira mukusvibiswa kwesimbi yakawanda muvhu, izvo zvinokanganisa kugadzirwa kwemiti yemishonga yemuno.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3) muti unokosha zvikuru wemishonga yemishonga inogara kwenguva refu uri werudzi rwePanax rwemhuri yeAraliaceae. Panax notoginseng inovandudza kutenderera kweropa, inobvisa kusamira kweropa uye inoderedza marwadzo. Nzvimbo huru yekugadzira iWenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province5. Inopfuura 75% yevhu munzvimbo dzinorimwa ginseng dzePanax notoginseng dzakasvibiswa necadmium, nemazinga anosiyana kubva pa81% kusvika pamusoro pe100% munzvimbo dzakasiyana6. Mhedzisiro yeCd inoderedzawo zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvemishonga zvePanax notoginseng, kunyanya saponins neflavonoids. Saponins rudzi rweglycosidic compound ine aglycones ari triterpenoids kana spirostanes. Ndiwo manyuko makuru emishonga yechivanhu yeChina uye ane saponins. Mamwe saponins anewo basa rekurwisa mabhakitiriya kana mabasa anokosha ehupenyu akadai sekudzivirira pyretic, sedative uye anticancer effects7. Maflavonoid anowanzo kureva mhando dzakasiyana dzemakemikari umo mhete mbiri dzebenzene dzine phenolic hydroxyl dzakabatana kuburikidza nemaatomu matatu epakati ekabhoni. Chinhu chikuru i2-phenylchromanone 8. Iantioxidant yakasimba inogona kubvisa oxygen free radicals mumiti. Inogonawo kudzivirira kupinda kwema enzymes ekuzvimba, kukurudzira kuporesa maronda nekuderedza marwadzo, uye kuderedza cholesterol. Ndiyo imwe yezvinhu zvikuru zvinoshanda zvePanax notoginseng. Pane chikonzero chekukurumidzira chekugadzirisa dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwe cadmium muvhu munzvimbo dzinogadzirwa ginseng dzePanax uye kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvayo zvakakosha zvekurapa.
Lime ndeimwe yemishonga inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuchenesa ivhu risingachinji kubva mukusvibiswa kwe cadmium10. Inokanganisa kunyungudika nekuiswa kweCd muvhu nekuderedza kuwanikwa kweCd muvhu nekuwedzera pH uye kushandura kugona kwekuchinjana kwevhu (CEC), salt salt saturation (BS) uye soil redox potential (Eh)3,11. Pamusoro pezvo, lime inopa huwandu hwakawanda hweCa2+, inoumba ionic antagonism neCd2+, inokwikwidza nzvimbo dzekunyungudika mumidzi, inodzivirira kutakurwa kweCd muvhu, uye ine chepfu shoma yehupenyu. Pakawedzerwa 50 mmol L-1 Ca pasi pekumanikidzwa kweCd, kutakurwa kweCd mumashizha esame kwakadziviswa uye kuunganidzwa kweCd kwakaderedzwa ne80%. Zvidzidzo zvakafanana zvakati wandei zvakataurwa mupunga (Oryza sativa L.) nedzimwe zvirimwa12,13.
Kupfapfaidza zvirimwa nemashizha emiti kuti zvidzore kuunganidzwa kwesimbi dzinorema inzira itsva yekudzora simbi dzinorema mumakore achangopfuura. Nheyo yayo inonyanya kuenderana nekuita kwechelation mumasero emiti, izvo zvinoita kuti simbi dzinorema dzigadzirwe pamadziro esero uye zvinodzivisa kutorwa kwesimbi dzinorema nemiti14,15. Semushonga we diacid chelating wakagadzikana, oxalic acid inogona kuchekerera zvakananga maion esimbi dzinorema mumiti, nokudaro ichideredza chepfu. Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti oxalic acid musoya inogona kuchekerera Cd2+ uye kuburitsa makristaro ane Cd kuburikidza nemasero epamusoro etrichome, ichideredza mazinga eCd2+ mumuviri16. Oxalic acid inogona kudzora pH yevhu, kuwedzera basa re superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) uye catalase (CAT), uye kudzora kupinda kweshuga inonyunguduka, mapuroteni anonyunguduka, maamino acids emahara uye proline. Metabolic regulators17,18. Acid neCa2+ yakawandisa mumiti zvinoumba calcium oxalate precipitate pasi pesimba remapuroteni anonyunguduka. Kudzora huwandu hweCa2+ muzvirimwa kunogona kuzadzisa zvinobudirira kudzora oxalic acid yakanyungudutswa neCa2+ muzvirimwa uye kudzivirira kuunganidzwa kwakanyanya kweoxalic acid neCa2+19,20.
Huwandu hwe lime rinoshandiswa ndechimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa kugadziriswa kwemushonga. Zvakaonekwa kuti chiyero che lime chaive pakati pe750 kusvika 6000 kg/m2. Kune ivhu rine acidic pH ye5.0~5.5, mhedzisiro yekuisa lime pachiyero che3000~6000 kg/h/m2 yakanyanya kupfuura pachiyero che750 kg/h/m221. Zvisinei, kushandisa lime zvakanyanya kuchakonzera mimwe migumisiro yakaipa pavhu, senge shanduko huru mu pH yevhu uye kusimba kwevhu22. Saka, takatsanangura mazinga ekurapa eCaO se0, 750, 2250 uye 3750 kg hm-2. Oxalic acid payakaiswa kuArabidopsis thaliana, zvakaonekwa kuti Ca2+ yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya pahuwandu hwe10 mmol L-1, uye mhuri yeCRT gene, iyo inokanganisa Ca2+ signaling, yakapindura zvakasimba20. Kuunganidzwa kwezvimwe zvidzidzo zvekare kwakatibvumira kuona huwandu hwebvunzo iyi uye kudzidza zvakawanda nezvemhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwezvinovaka muviri zvekunze paCa2+ neCd2+23,24,25. Nokudaro, chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekuongorora nzira yekudzora kushandiswa kwemashizha e exogenous lime ne oxalic acid pahuwandu hweCd uye kutsungirira kushushikana kwePanax notoginseng muvhu rakasvibiswa neCd uye kuongororazve nzira dzekusimbisa zviri nani kunaka kwemishonga uye kushanda kwayo. Kugadzirwa kwePanax notoginseng. Anopa gwara rinokosha pakuwedzera huwandu hwekurima miti ye herbaceous muvhu rakasvibiswa necadmium uye kuwana kugadzirwa kwakanaka uye kunogara kwenguva refu kunodiwa nemusika wemishonga.
Uchishandisa mhando yeginseng yemuno inonzi Wenshan Panax notoginseng sechigadzirwa, kuyedza kwakaitwa mumunda muLannizhai, Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province (24°11′N, 104°3′E, kureba 1446 m). Avhareji yekupisa kwegore negore i17°C uye avhareji yemvura inonaya pagore i1250 mm. Hunhu hwevhu rakadzidzwa hwaive TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, OM 31.86 g kg-1, alkali hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, isina phosphorus. 18.55 mg kg-1, potassium yakasununguka 100.37 mg kg-1, total cadmium 0.3 mg kg-1, pH 5.4.
Musi wa10 Zvita, 2017, 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2·2.5H2O) uye mushonga we lime (0, 750, 2250 uye 3750 kg/h/m2) zvakasanganiswa ndokuiswa pamusoro pevhu muchikamu che 0 ~ 10 cm chemunda wega wega. . Kurapa kwega kwega kwakadzokororwa katatu. Minda yekuyedza inowanikwa zvisina tsarukano, munda wega wega wakafukidza nzvimbo ye 3 m2. Mbeu dzePanax notoginseng dzine gore rimwe chete dzakadyarwa mushure memazuva gumi nemashanu ekurima. Pakushandisa mambure ekudzivirira zuva, simba rechiedza chePanax notoginseng mukati memambure ekudzivirira zuva rinosvika 18% yesimba rechiedza chechisikigo. Kurimwa kunoitwa zvichienderana nenzira dzekurima dzemuno. Pamberi pedanho rekuibva rePanax notoginseng muna 2019, pfapfaidza oxalic acid muchimiro che sodium oxalate. Kuwanda kweOxalic acid kwaive 0, 0.1 uye 0.2 mol L-1, zvichiteerana, uye NaOH yakashandiswa kugadzirisa pH kusvika 5.16 kuti ifananidze avhareji yepH yemvura inobuda mu litter leach solution. Pfapfaidza pamusoro nepazasi pemashizha kamwe chete pasvondo na8:00 am. Mushure mekupfapfaidza ka4 muvhiki rechishanu, zvirimwa zvePanax notoginseng zvine makore matatu zvakakohwewa.
Muna Mbudzi 2019, zvirimwa zvePanax notoginseng zvine makore matatu zvakatorwa kubva mumunda ndokupfapfaidzwa neoxalic acid. Mimwe mienzaniso yezvirimwa zvePanax notoginseng zvine makore matatu yaida kuyerwa kuti ionekwe kuti muviri unochinja sei mashandiro emuviri uye mashandiro emaenzyme zvakaiswa mumachubhu kuti zviome, zvakakurumidza kuomeswa nenitrogen yemvura ndokuzoendeswa kufiriji pa -80°C. Mimwe mienzaniso yemidzi yaifanira kuyerwa Cd nezvinhu zvinoshanda panguva yekukura yakagezwa nemvura yepombi, yakaomeswa pa105°C kwemaminitsi makumi matatu, pahuremu hwakafanana pa75°C, uye yakakuyiwa mumota kuti ichengetwe.
Yera 0.2 g yemuenzaniso wemiti yakaoma, uise muflask yeErlenmeyer, wedzera 8 ml HNO3 uye 2 ml HClO4 woifukidza husiku hwese. Zuva rinotevera, shandisa funnel yakakombama yakaiswa muflask yeErlenmeyer yekugaya electrothermal kusvika utsi huchena hwabuda uye muto wekugaya wabuda pachena. Mushure mekutonhorera kusvika patembiricha yemukamuri, musanganiswa wacho wakaendeswa kuflask ye10 ml yevolumetric. Hunhu hweCd hwakaonekwa uchishandisa atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Yera 0.2 g yemuenzaniso wemiti yakaoma, uise mubhodhoro repurasitiki re50 ml, wedzera 1 mol L-1 HCL mu 10 ml, vhara wozunza zvakanaka kwemaawa gumi nemashanu woisa sefa. Uchishandisa pipette, isa huwandu hunodiwa hwefiltrate, sanganisa mvura zvinoenderana uye wedzera SrCl2 solution kuti Sr2+ concentration isvike pa 1g L-1. Ca content yakayerwa uchishandisa atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) uye catalase (CAT) reference kit method (DNM-9602, Beijing Prong New Technology Co., Ltd., kunyoreswa kwechigadzirwa), shandisa kit yekuyera inoenderana. Nha.: Beijing Pharmacopoeia (yakarurama) 2013 Nha. 2400147).
Yera 0.05 g yemuenzaniso wePanax notoginseng wobva wawedzera anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent pamativi echubhu. Zunza chubhu kwemasekonzi maviri kusvika matatu kuti mvura yacho isanganiswe zvakanaka. Isa chubhu padura rechubhu kuti iite ruvara kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu. Huremu hweshuga hunonyungudika hwakaonekwa ne ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pahurefu hwe620 nm.
Yera 0.5 g yemuenzaniso mutsva wePanax notoginseng, woikuya kuita homogenate nemvura yakasanganiswa ye5 ml, wozoikuya pa10,000 g kwemaminitsi gumi. Supernatant yakaderedzwa kusvika pahuwandu hwakatarwa. Nzira yeCoomassie Brilliant Blue yakashandiswa. Huremu hweprotein inonyungudika hwakayerwa uchishandisa ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pahurefu hwe595 nm uye yakaverengerwa zvichibva pahuwandu hwe albumin yeboka remombe.
Yera 0.5 g yemuenzaniso mutsva, wedzera 5 ml ye10% acetic acid, gaya kusvika yafanana, sefa uye deredza kusvika pahuwandu husingachinji. Nzira yekugadzira ruvara yakashandiswa ne ninhydrin solution. Huremu hweamino acid hwakasununguka hwakaongororwa ne UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pa570 nm uye hwakaverengerwa zvichibva pane leucine standard curve28.
Yera 0.5 g yemuenzaniso mutsva, wedzera 5 ml ye3% sulfosalicylic acid, pisa mumvura wozoizunza kwemaminitsi gumi. Mushure mekutonhodza, mhinduro yacho yakasefetwa uye yakaunzwa kusvika pahuwandu hwakafanana. Nzira ye colorimetric ine acid ninhydrin yakashandiswa. Huremu hweproline hwakaongororwa ne ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pahurefu hwe520 nm uye yakaverengerwa zvichibva pa proline standard curve29.
Kuwanda kweSaponin kwakaongororwa nekushandisa chromatography yemvura ine simba guru tichitarisa Pharmacopoeia yePeople's Republic of China (chinyorwa cha2015). Nheyo huru ye chromatography yemvura ine simba guru ndeyekushandisa mvura ine simba guru sechikamu chinofamba uye kushandisa tekinoroji yekuparadzanisa zvidimbu zvema "particle separation" ye "high-performance column chromatography" pachikamu chisingachinji. Nzira yekushandisa ndeiyi inotevera:
HPLC Mamiriro uye Kuedzwa Kwekukodzera System (Tafura 1): Shandisa octadecylsilane bound silica gel sefiller, acetonitrile se mobile phase A uye mvura se mobile phase B. Ita gradient elution sezvakaratidzwa mutafura iri pazasi. Kuona wavelength i203 nm. Zvichienderana neR1 peak ye total saponins yePanax notoginseng, huwandu hwe theoretical plates hunofanirwa kunge huri 4000.
Kugadzirwa kwemushonga wakajairwa: Yera nemazvo ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 uye notoginsenoside R1 wobva wawedzera methanol kugadzira musanganiswa une 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 uye 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 pa 1 ml yemushonga.
Kugadzirira mhinduro yekuyedza: Yera 0.6 g yePanax ginseng powder wobva wawedzera 50 ml yemethanol. Mhinduro yakasanganiswa yakayerwa (W1) yosiyiwa husiku hwese. Mhinduro yakasanganiswa yakazobikwa zvinyoro nyoro mumvura inodziya pa80°C kwemaawa maviri. Mushure mekutonhodza, yera mhinduro yakasanganiswa wobva wawedzera methanol yakagadzirwa kuW1 yekutanga. Wobva wazunza zvakanaka wosefa. Filtrate inosiyiwa kuti iongororwe.
Unganidza nemazvo 10 μL yemushonga wakajairika uye 10 μL yefiltrate wozvipinza muchromatograph yemvura inoshanda zvakanaka (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.) kuti uone huwandu hwesaponin 24.
Mutsetse wakajairwa: kuyerwa kwemutsetse wakajairwa weRg1, Rb1 neR1. Mamiriro eChromatography akafanana neari pamusoro apa. Verenga mutsetse wakajairwa nekunyora nzvimbo yepeak yakayerwa pay-axis uye huwandu hwesaponin mumhinduro yakajairwa pax-axis. Mutsetse wesaponin unogona kuverengerwa nekutsiva nzvimbo yepeak yakayerwa yemuenzaniso mumutsetse wakajairwa.
Yera 0.1 g yeP. notogensings sampuro wobva wawedzera 50 ml ye70% CH3OH solution. Kubviswa kweUltrasonic kwakaitwa kwemaawa maviri, kwozoteverwa ne centrifugation pa4000 rpm kwemaminitsi gumi. Tora 1 ml ye supernatant woideredza kagumi nembiri. Huremu hwe flavonoid hwakaonekwa uchishandisa ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pahurefu hwe 249 nm. Quercetin ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakajairika8.
Data rakarongwa uchishandisa software yeExcel 2010. SPSS 20 statistical software yakashandiswa kuongorora kusiyana kwedata. Mifananidzo yakatorwa uchishandisa Origin Pro 9.1. Nhamba dzestatistical dzakaverengerwa dzinosanganisira avhareji ± SD. Zvirevo zvehuwandu hwestatistical zvakanyorwa paP < 0.05.
Pakuwanda kwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa pamashizha, huwandu hweCa mumidzi yePanax notoginseng hwakawedzera zvakanyanya sezvo huwandu hwe lime hwakaiswa hwakawedzera (Tafura 2). Zvichienzaniswa nekushaikwa kwe lime, huwandu hweCa hwakawedzera ne212% pakuwedzera 3750 kg/h/m2 ye lime pasina kupfapfaidza oxalic acid. Pahuwandu humwe chete hwe lime hwakashandiswa, huwandu hweCa hwakawedzera zvishoma sezvo huwandu hwe oxalic acid spray hwakawedzera.
Huwandu hweCd mumidzi hunotangira pa0.22 kusvika pa0.70 mg kg-1. Pakupfapfaidza kwakafanana kweoxalic acid, sezvo huwandu hwe lime hwakawedzerwa huchiwedzera, huwandu hweCd hwe2250 kg/h hunoderera zvakanyanya. Zvichienzaniswa nekudzora, huwandu hweCd mumidzi hwakaderera ne68.57% mushure mekupfapfaidza ne2250 kg hm-2 lime uye 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Pakaiswa lime isina uye 750 kg/h ye lime, huwandu hweCd mumidzi yePanax notoginseng hwakaderera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweoxalic acid spray. Pakaiswa 2250 kg/m2 lime uye 3750 kg/m2 lime, huwandu hweCd mumidzi hwakatanga kudzikira uye hwakazowedzera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweoxalic acid. Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo ye bivariate yakaratidza kuti lime raive nemhedzisiro yakakura pahuwandu hweCa mumidzi yePanax notoginseng (F = 82.84**), lime raive nemhedzisiro yakakura pahuwandu hweCd mumidzi yePanax notoginseng (F = 74.99**), uye oxalic acid. acid (F = 7.72*).
Sezvo huwandu hwe lime hwakawedzerwa uye huwandu hwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa hwakawedzera, huwandu hwe MDA hwakaderera zvakanyanya. Pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura muhuwandu hwe MDA mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasina kuwedzerwa lime uye nekuwedzera 3750 kg/m2 ye lime. Pakushandiswa kwe750 kg/h/m2 uye 2250 kg/h/m2, huwandu hwe lime hwe 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid spray treatment hwakaderera ne58.38% uye 40.21%, zvichiteerana, zvichienzaniswa nekusava ne oxalic acid spray treatment. Hunhu hwakaderera hwe MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) hwakaonekwa pakupfapfaidza 750 kg hm-2 lime uye 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Mufananidzo 1).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza foliar ne oxalic acid pane zviri mu malondialdehyde mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasi pe cadmium stress. Cherechedza: Ngano iri mumufananidzo inoratidza huwandu hwe oxalic acid pa spray (mol L-1), mavara madiki akasiyana anoratidza mutsauko mukuru pakati pekurapa kwekushandiswa kwe lime kwakafanana. nhamba (P < 0.05). Zvakafanana pazasi.
Kunze kwekushandisa lime ye3750 kg/h, pakanga pasina musiyano mukuru pakushanda kweSOD mumidzi yePanax notoginseng. Pakuwedzera 0, 750 uye 2250 kg/h/m2 ye lime, kushanda kweSOD pakurapwa nekupfapfaidza ne oxalic acid pahuwandu hwe0.2 mol/l kwaive kwakanyanya kupfuura pasina kushandisa oxalic acid, zvichiwedzera ne177.89%, 61.62% uye 45.08% zvichiteerana. Kushanda kweSOD mumidzi (598.18 U g-1) kwaive kwakanyanya kana pasina kushandisa lime uye pakurapwa nekupfapfaidza ne oxalic acid pahuwandu hwe0.2 mol/l. Kana oxalic acid ikapfapfaidzwa pahuwandu hwakafanana kana 0.1 mol L-1, kushanda kweSOD kwakawedzera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe lime. Mushure mekupfapfaidza ne 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid, kushanda kweSOD kwakadzikira zvakanyanya (Mufananidzo 2).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza mashizha neoxalic acid pabasa re superoxide dismutase, peroxidase uye catalase mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasi pekumanikidzwa kwe cadmium.
Kufanana nekushanda kweSOD mumidzi, kushanda kwePOD mumidzi yakarapwa isina lime uye yakapfapfaidzwa ne 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid kwaive kwakanyanya (63.33 µmol g-1), iyo iri pamusoro pe148.35% kupfuura kudzora (25.50 µmol g-1). Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweoxalic acid spray uye 3750 kg/m2 lime treatment, kushanda kwePOD kwakatanga kwawedzera uye kozoderera. Zvichienzaniswa nekurapa ne 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, kushanda kwePOD pakurapwa ne 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid kwakaderera ne36.31% (Mufananidzo 2).
Kunze kwekupfapfaidza 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid uye kuwedzera 2250 kg/h/m2 kana 3750 kg/h/m2 lime, basa reCAT raive rakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura raitarisirwa. Pakupfapfaidza 0.1 mol/l oxalic acid uye kuwedzera 0.2250 kg/m2 kana 3750 kg/h/m2 lime, basa reCAT rakawedzera ne276.08%, 276.69% uye 33.05%, zvichiteerana, zvichienzaniswa nekurapwa pasina kupfapfaidza oxalic acid. Basa reCAT mumidzi raive rakanyanya (803.52 μmol/g) mukurapwa kwe no-lime uye mukurapwa kwe 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid. Basa reCAT raive rakaderera (172.88 μmol/g) pakurapwa ne 3750 kg/h/m ye lime uye 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid (Mufananidzo 2).
Ongororo yeBivariate yakaratidza kuti mashandiro eCAT uye mashandiro eMDA emidzi yePanax notoginseng akabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hweoxalic acid kana lime yakapfapfaidzwa pamwe chete nemishonga miviri iyi (Tafura 3). Mabasa eSOD mumidzi akabatana zvakanyanya nekurapwa kwe lime ne oxalic acid kana kuwanda kwe oxalic acid spray. Mabasa eRoot POD aienderana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwe lime hwakashandiswa kana kurapwa kwe lime ne oxalic acid.
Kuwanda kweshuga inonyungudika mumidzi kwakadzikira nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe lime uye huwandu hwe oxalic acid spray. Pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura muhuwandu hweshuga inonyungudika mumidzi yePanax notoginseng isina lime uye apo 750 kg/h/m ye lime yakaiswa. Pakashandiswa 2250 kg/m2 ye lime, huwandu hweshuga inonyungudika payakashandiswa 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid hwakanga hwakakwira zvakanyanya pane hwepayakashandiswa pasina kupfapfaidza oxalic acid, zvichiwedzera ne22.81%. Pakashandiswa 3750 kg h/m2 ye lime, huwandu hweshuga inonyungudika hwakadzikira zvakanyanya sezvo huwandu hwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa hwakawedzera. Kuwanda kweshuga inonyungudika payakashandiswa 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid kwakadzikira ne38.77% zvichienzaniswa neiyo isina kupfapfaidza oxalic acid. Pamusoro pezvo, mushonga wekupfapfaidza we 0.2 mol·L-1 oxalic acid waiva nehuwandu hweshuga hwakaderera hwakanyungudika, hwaiva 205.80 mg·g-1 (Mufananidzo 3).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza mashizha neoxalic acid pane huwandu hweshuga inonyungudika uye mapuroteni anonyungudika mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasi pekumanikidzwa kwecadmium.
Kuwanda kwemapuroteni anonyungudika mumidzi kwakadzikira nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekushandiswa kwe lime uye kurapwa ne oxalic acid spray. Pasina kuwedzerwa lime, huwandu hweprotein inonyungudika painorapwa ne oxalic acid spray pahuwandu hwe 0.2 mol L-1 hwakadzikira zvakanyanya ne16.20% zvichienzaniswa nekutonga. Pakanga pasina mutsauko wakakosha muhuwandu hweprotein inonyungudika yemidzi yePanax notoginseng apo 750 kg/h ye lime yakashandiswa. Pasi pemamiriro ekushandisa e 2250 kg/h/m ye lime, huwandu hweprotein inonyungudika ye 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid spray therapy hwakanga hwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura hwe non-oxalic acid spray therapy (35.11%). Pakashandiswa 3750 kg·h/m2 ye lime, huwandu hweprotein inonyungudika hwakadzikira zvakanyanya sezvo huwandu hwe oxalic acid spray hwakawedzera, nehuwandu hweprotein inonyungudika hwakaderera (269.84 μg·g-1) apo oxalic acid spray yaive 0.2 mol·L-1. kurapwa (Mufananidzo 3).
Pakanga pasina mutsauko wakakosha muhuwandu hwemaamino acids ari mumudzi wePanax notoginseng kana pasina kuiswa kwe lime. Sezvo huwandu hwe oxalic acid mu spray hwakawedzera uye kuwedzerwa kwe 750 kg/h/m2 ye lime, huwandu hwemaamino acids ari mu free amino hwakatanga kudzikira uye hwakawedzera. Zvichienzaniswa nekurapwa pasina kupfapfaidza oxalic acid, huwandu hwemaamino acids ari mu free amino hwakawedzera zvakanyanya ne33.58% pakufapfaidza 2250 kg hm-2 lime uye 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Hunhu hwemaamino acids ari mu free amino hwakaderera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera huwandu hwe oxalic acid mu spray uye kuwedzerwa kwe 3750 kg/m2 ye lime. Hunhu hwemaamino acids ari mu free amino acid hwe 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment hwakaderedzwa ne 49.76% zvichienzaniswa ne non-oxalic acid spray treatment. Hunhu hwemaamino acids ari mu free amino hwakanga hwakanyanya pasina oxalic acid spray uye hwaive 2.09 mg g-1. Kurapa kwe 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid spray kwaive nehuwandu hwakaderera hwe amino acid (1.05 mg/g) (Mufananidzo 4).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza mashizha neoxalic acid pane huwandu hwemaamino acids uye proline mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasi pemamiriro ekumanikidzwa kwecadmium.
Kuwanda kweproline mumidzi kwakadzikira nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe lime yakaiswa uye huwandu hwekupfapfaidza ne oxalic acid. Pakanga pasina mutsauko wakakura muhuwandu hwe proline mumudzi wePanax ginseng apo lime isina kuiswa. Sezvo huwandu hwe oxalic acid hwakapfapfaidzwa hwakawedzera uye kushandiswa kwe 750 kana 2250 kg/m2 ye lime kwakawedzera, huwandu hwe proline hwakatanga kudzikira uye hwakawedzera. Kuwanda kwe proline mu 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment kwaive kwakanyanya kupfuura kwe 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment, zvichiwedzera ne 19.52% uye 44.33%, zvichiteerana. Pakawedzerwa 3750 kg/m2 ye lime, huwandu hwe proline hwakadzikira zvakanyanya sezvo huwandu hwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa hwakawedzera. Mushure mekupfapfaidza 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, huwandu hwe proline hwakadzikira ne 54.68% zvichienzaniswa neiyo isina kupfapfaidza oxalic acid. Kuwanda kweproline kwakaderera kwaive pakurapwa ne 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid uye kwakasvika 11.37 μg/g (Mufananidzo 4).
Huwandu hwese hwesaponin muPanax notoginseng iRg1>Rb1>R1. Pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura muhuwandu hwesaponin nhatu nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweoxalic acid spray uye huwandu hwayo pasina kushandisa lime (Tafura 4).
Huwandu hweR1 mushure mekupfapfaidza 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid hwakanga hwakaderera zvakanyanya pane pasina kupfapfaidza oxalic acid uye kushandisa dose ye lime ye 750 kana 3750 kg/m2. Pahuwandu hwe oxalic acid hwakapfapfaidzwa hwe 0 kana 0.1 mol/L, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura muhuwandu hwe R1 nehuwandu hwe lime hwakawedzerwa. Pahuwandu hwe spray hwe 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid, huwandu hwe R1 mu 3750 kg/h/m2 ye lime hwakanga hwakaderera zvakanyanya kupfuura 43.84% pasina kuwedzera lime (Tafura 4).
Sezvo huwandu hwe oxalic acid hwakapfapfaidzwa hwakawedzera uye 750 kg/m2 ye lime yakawedzerwa, huwandu hwe Rg1 hwakatanga hwawedzera ndokuzodzikira. Pakushandiswa kwe lime kwe 2250 ne 3750 kg/h, huwandu hwe Rg1 hwakaderera nekuwedzera huwandu hwe oxalic acid spray. Pahuwandu humwe hwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa, sezvo huwandu hwe lime huchiwedzera, huwandu hwe Rg1 hunotanga hwawedzera hwozodzikira. Zvichienzaniswa ne control, kunze kwe Rg1 mu content mu content nhatu dze oxalic acid uye 750 kg/m2 lime treatments, iyo yaive yakakwira kupfuura control, huwandu hwe Rg1 muPanax notoginseng roots mune dzimwe treatments hwaive hwakaderera pane control. control. Zviri mukati me Rg1 zvaive pakupfapfaidza 750 kg/h/m2 ye lime uye 0.1 mol/l oxalic acid, iyo yaive yakakwira ne11.54% kupfuura control (Tafura 4).
Sezvo huwandu hwe oxalic acid inopfapfaidzwa nehuwandu hwe lime hwakaiswa hwakawedzera pahuwandu hwekuyerera kwe 2250 kg/awa, huwandu hwe Rb1 hwakatanga hwawedzera ndokuzodzikira. Mushure mekupfapfaidza 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, huwandu hwe Rb1 hwakasvika pa3.46%, hwaive hwakakwira ne74.75% kupfuura pasina kupfapfaidza oxalic acid. Kune mamwe marapirwo e lime, pakanga pasina mutsauko wakakosha pakati pehuwandu hwakasiyana hwe oxalic acid inopfapfaidzwa. Mushure mekupfapfaidza ne 0.1 uye 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, huwandu hwe lime hwakawedzera, huwandu hwe Rb1 hwakatanga kudzikira ndokuzodzikira (Tafura 4).
Pakupfapfaidza kumwe chete neoxalic acid, huwandu hwe lime hwaiwedzerwa, huwandu hwe flavonoids hwakatanga hwawedzera ndokuzodzikira. Hapana musiyano wakakura pakati pehuwandu hwe flavonoids hwakaonekwa pakupfapfaidza huwandu hwakasiyana hwe oxalic acid isina lime uye 3750 kg/m2 ye lime. Pakuwedzera 750 ne 2250 kg/m2 ye lime, sezvo huwandu hwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa hwaiwedzera, huwandu hwe flavonoids hwakatanga hwawedzera ndokuzodzikira. Pakuisa 750 kg/m2 uye kupfapfaidza oxalic acid pahuwandu hwe 0.1 mol/l, huwandu hwe flavonoids hwaive hwakanyanya - 4.38 mg/g, inova 18.38% yakakwira pane pakuwedzera huwandu hwakafanana hwe lime, uye pakanga pasina chikonzero chekupfapfaidza oxalic acid. Huwandu hwemaflavonoids pahwakarapwa ne 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray hwakawedzera ne21.74% zvichienzaniswa nekurapwa pasina oxalic acid uye kurapwa ne lime pachiyero che 2250 kg/m2 (Mufananidzo 5).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza mashizha neoxalate pane zviri mu flavonoids mumudzi wePanax notoginseng pasi pekumanikidzwa kwe cadmium.
Ongororo yeBivariate yakaratidza kuti huwandu hweshuga inonyungudika mumidzi yePanax notoginseng hwaienderana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwe lime inoshandiswa uye huwandu hwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa. Hunhu hweprotein inonyungudika mumidzi hwaienderana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwe lime ne oxalic acid. Hunhu hwe free amino acids ne proline mumidzi hwaienderana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwe lime inoshandiswa, huwandu hwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa, lime ne oxalic acid (Tafura 5).
Kuwanda kweR1 mumidzi yePanax notoginseng kwaienderana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hweoxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa, huwandu hwelime, lime uye oxalic acid yakashandiswa. Kuwanda kweflavonoids kwaienderana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hweoxalic acid spray uye huwandu hwelime yakawedzerwa.
Kugadziriswa kwakawanda kwakashandiswa kuderedza huwandu hwe cadmium mumiti nekuisa cadmium muvhu, senge lime ne oxalic acid30. Lime inoshandiswa zvakanyanya senzira yekuderedza huwandu hwe cadmium muzvirimwa31. Liang et al. 32 vakataura kuti oxalic acid inogonawo kushandiswa kugadzirisa ivhu rakasvibiswa nesimbi dzinorema. Mushure mekunge huwandu hwakasiyana hwe oxalic acid hwawedzerwa muvhu rakasvibiswa, huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasikwa muvhu hwakawedzera, kugona kwekuchinjana kwecation kwakaderera, uye pH yakawedzera33. Oxalic acid inogonawo kuita nema ions esimbi muvhu. Pasi pemamiriro ekumanikidzwa kweCd, huwandu hweCd muPanax notoginseng hwakawedzera zvakanyanya zvichienzaniswa nekutonga. Zvisinei, kana lime ikashandiswa, inoderedzwa zvakanyanya. Pakashandiswa 750 kg/h/m ye lime muchidzidzo ichi, huwandu hweCd mumidzi hwakasvika padanho renyika (muganho weCd ndiCd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), uye mhedzisiro yacho yaive yakanaka. . Mhedzisiro yakanaka inowanikwa nekuwedzera 2250 kg/m2 ye lime. Kuwedzerwa kwe lime kunogadzira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekukwikwidzana kwe Ca2+ ne Cd2+ muvhu, uye kuwedzerwa kwe oxalic acid kunoderedza huwandu hwe Cd mumidzi ye Panax notoginseng. Mushure mekusanganisa lime ne oxalic acid, huwandu hwe Cd mumudzi we Panax ginseng hwakaderera zvakanyanya uye hwakasvika padanho renyika. Ca2+ muvhu inonamirwa pamusoro pemidzi kuburikidza nemaitiro ekuyerera kwehuwandu uye inogona kunyudzwa mumasero emidzi kuburikidza ne calcium channels (Ca2+ channels), calcium pumps (Ca2+-AT-Pase) uye Ca2+/H+ antiporters, uye yozotakurwa yakatwasuka. kuenda kumidzi. Xylem23. Pakanga paine hukama hwakaipa pakati pe Ca ne Cd mumidzi (P < 0.05). Huwandu hwe Cd hwakaderera nekuwedzera kwe Ca, izvo zvinoenderana nepfungwa yekupikisa pakati pe Ca ne Cd. ANOVA yakaratidza kuti huwandu hwe lime hwakakanganisa zvakanyanya huwandu hwe Ca mumudzi we Panax notoginseng. Pongrack nevamwe vake 35 vakataura kuti Cd inosungana neoxalate mumakristaro ecalcium oxalate uye inokwikwidzana neCa. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yekutonga yeoxalic acid paCa yakanga isina kukosha. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kudonhedzwa kwecalcium oxalate kubva kuoxalic acid neCa2+ hakusi nyore, uye maitiro ekuwedzera anogona kudzorwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzirisa.
Pasi pe cadmium stress, huwandu hwakawanda hwe reactive oxygen species (ROS) hunoumbwa mumiti, zvichikuvadza chimiro che cell membranes36. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content inogona kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekutonga mwero weROS uye mwero wekukuvadzwa kwe plasma membrane yemiti37. Sisitimu ye antioxidant inzira yakakosha yekudzivirira yekubvisa reactive oxygen species38. Mabasa ema antioxidant enzymes (kusanganisira POD, SOD, uye CAT) anowanzo shandurwa nekumanikidzwa kwe cadmium. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti MDA content yaive yakabatana zvakanaka ne Cd concentration, zvichiratidza kuti huwandu hwe plant membrane lipid peroxidation hwakadzika nekuwedzera kwe Cd concentration37. Izvi zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yechidzidzo chaOuyang et al.39. Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti MDA content inokanganiswa zvakanyanya ne lime, oxalic acid, lime uye oxalic acid. Mushure mekubviswa kwe 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, huwandu hweMDA muPanax notoginseng hwakaderera, zvichiratidza kuti oxalic acid inogona kuderedza bioavailability yemazinga eCd neROS muPanax notoginseng. Sisitimu yeantioxidant enzyme ndipo panoitika basa rekubvisa chepfu mumiti. SOD inobvisa O2- iri mumasero emiti uye inogadzira O2 isina chepfu uye H2O2 isina chepfu. POD neCAT zvinobvisa H2O2 kubva mumatishu emiti uye zvinokurudzira kuora kweH2O2 kuita H2O. Zvichibva pakuongorora kweproteome yeiTRAQ, zvakaonekwa kuti mazinga eprotein expression eSOD nePAL akadzikira uye mazinga eexpression ePOD akawedzerwa mushure mekushandiswa kwe lime pasi pekumanikidzwa kweCd40. Mabasa eCAT, SOD nePOD mumudzi wePanax notoginseng akakanganiswa zvakanyanya nechiyero che oxalic acid ne lime. Kurapa ne 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid kwakawedzera zvakanyanya kushanda kweSOD neCAT, asi mhedzisiro yekutonga pabasa rePOD yakanga isiri pachena. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti oxalic acid inokurumidza kuora kweROS pasi pekumanikidzwa kweCd uye inonyanya kupedzisa kubviswa kweH2O2 nekudzora kushanda kweCAT, izvo zvakafanana nemhedzisiro yekutsvagisa kwaGuo et al.41 pama enzymes e antioxidant ePseudospermum sibiricum. Kos. ). Mhedzisiro yekuwedzera 750 kg/h/m2 ye lime pabasa rema enzymes e antioxidant system uye huwandu hwemalondialdehyde yakafanana nemhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza ne oxalic acid. Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti kurapwa ne oxalic acid spray kunogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya mabasa eSOD neCAT muPanax notoginseng uye kuwedzera kuramba kwekumanikidzwa kwePanax notoginseng. Mabasa eSOD nePOD akadzikiswa nekurapwa ne 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid uye 3750 kg hm-2 lime, zvichiratidza kuti kupfapfaidza zvakanyanya kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwe oxalic acid neCa2+ kunogona kukonzera kushushikana kwezvirimwa, izvo zvinoenderana nekudzidza kwakaitwa naLuo nevamwe. Mirira 42.