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Masiraidhi anoratidza zvinhu zvitatu paslide imwe neimwe. Shandisa mabhatani ekumashure neanotevera kuti ufambe nepakati pemasiraidhi, kana mabhatani ekutonga masiraidhi ari kumagumo kuti ufambe nepakati peslide yega yega.
Kusvibiswa kweCadmium (Cd) kunotyisidzira kurimwa kwemuti wekurapa wePanax notoginseng muYunnan Province. Pasi pemamiriro ekumanikidzwa kweCd kunze, kuyedzwa kwakaitwa mumunda kuti kunzwisise mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwe lime (0.750, 2250 uye 3750 kg bm-2) uye oxalic acid spray (0, 0.1 uye 0.2 mol l-1) pakuunganidzwa kweCd. uye kushanda kweantioxidant. Zvikamu zvesystem uye zvemishonga zvinokanganisa Panax notoginseng. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti kupfapfaidza quicklime nemashizha ne oxalic acid kunogona kuwedzera mazinga eCa2+ muPanax notoginseng pasi peCd stress uye kuderedza chepfu yeCd2+. Kuwedzera lime ne oxalic acid kwakawedzera mashandiro ema enzymes e antioxidant uye kwakachinja metabolism ye osmoregulators. Basa reCAT rakawedzera zvakanyanya, richiwedzera ka2.77. Basa repamusoro reSOD rakawedzera ka1.78 pakurapwa ne oxalic acid. Zviri muMDA zvakaderera ne58.38%. Pane hukama hwakakosha neshuga inonyungudika, amino acid isina muripo, proline, uye protein inonyungudika. Lime ne oxalic acid zvinogona kuwedzera calcium ions (Ca2+), kuderedza Cd, kuvandudza kushivirira kunetseka muPanax notoginseng, uye kuwedzera huwandu hwesaponins neflavonoids. Huremu hweCd hwaive hwakaderera, 68.57% hwakaderera pane hwakanga huri mukutonga, izvo zvaienderana nehuwandu hwakajairika (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). Chikamu cheSPN chaive 7.73%, icho chakasvika padanho repamusoro rekurapa kwega kwega, uye huwandu hweflavonoids hwakawedzera zvakanyanya ne21.74%, zvichisvika pahuwandu hwakajairika hwemushonga uye goho rakanakisa.
Cadmium (Cd), sechinhu chinowanzo svibisa ivhu rinorimwa, inotama nyore nyore uye ine chepfu yakakura yehupenyu1. El Shafei et al. 2 vakataura kuti chepfu yeCd inokanganisa mhando uye kubereka kwezvirimwa zvinoshandiswa. Mumakore achangopfuura, chiitiko chekuwedzera kwecadmium muvhu revhu rinorimwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina chave chakakomba zvikuru. Yunnan Province ndiyo Biodiversity Kingdom yeChina, iyo mhando dzemiti yemishonga dziri pekutanga munyika. Zvisinei, zvicherwa zvakawanda zveYunnan Province zvinotungamira mukusvibiswa kwesimbi inorema muvhu panguva yekuchera, izvo zvinokanganisa kugadzirwa kwemiti yemishonga yemuno.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3 muti unokosha zvikuru wemishonga yemishonga inogara kwenguva refu uri werudzi rweAraliaceae Panax ginseng. Mudzi wePanax notoginseng unokurudzira kutenderera kweropa, unobvisa kusagadzikana kweropa uye unoderedza marwadzo. Nzvimbo huru yekugadzira iWenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province 5. Kusvibiswa kweCd kwaivepo pane inopfuura 75% yenzvimbo yevhu munzvimbo yekudyara yePanax notoginseng uye kwakapfuura 81-100% munzvimbo dzakasiyana6. Mhedzisiro yeCd inoderedzawo kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvemishonga zvePanax notoginseng, kunyanya saponins neflavonoids. Saponins iboka reaglycones, pakati payo aglycones ari triterpenoids kana spirosteranes, ayo ari zvinhu zvikuru zvinoshanda mumishonga yakawanda yemishonga yeChinese uye ane saponins. Mamwe saponins anewo mabasa anokosha ehupenyu akadai sebasa rekurwisa mabhakitiriya, antipyretic, sedative uye anticancer7. Flavonoids inowanzoreva mhando dzakasiyana dzemakemikari umo mhete mbiri dzebenzene dzine phenolic hydroxyl dzakabatana kuburikidza nemaatomu matatu epakati ekabhoni, uye musimboti mukuru i2-phenylchromanone 8. Iantioxidant yakasimba, inogona kubvisa zvinobudirira oxygen free radicals mumiti, kudzivirira kubuda kwema enzymes ekuzvimba, kukurudzira kuporesa maronda nekuderedza marwadzo, uye kuderedza cholesterol. Ndiyo imwe yezvinhu zvikuru zvinoshanda zvePanax Ginseng. Kugadzirisa dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwevhu ne cadmium munzvimbo dzekugadzira Panax notoginseng chinhu chakakosha pakuona kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvayo zvikuru zvemishonga.
Lime ndeimwe yenzira dzinoshandiswa kugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwevhu re cadmium munzvimbo iyoyo. Inokanganisa kunyudzwa kweCd muvhu uye inoderedza kushanda kweCd muvhu nekuwedzera pH uye kuchinja kugona kwekuchinjana kwevhu (CEC), salt salt saturation (BS), soil redox potential (Eh)3,11. Pamusoro pezvo, lime inopa huwandu hwakawanda hweCa2+, iyo inoumba ionic antagonism neCd2+, inokwikwidza nzvimbo dzekunyudzwa kwemidzi, inodzivirira Cd kutakurwa kuenda kunhuhwirira, uye ine chepfu shoma yehupenyu. Nekuwedzera kwe50 mmol l-1 Ca pasi pekumanikidzwa kweCd, kutakurwa kweCd mumashizha esame kwakadziviswa uye kuunganidzwa kweCd kwakaderedzwa ne80%. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvine chekuita nazvo zvakataurwa pamusoro pemupunga (Oryza sativa L.) nezvimwe zvirimwa12,13.
Kupfapfaidza mashizha ezvirimwa kudzora kuunganidzwa kwesimbi dzinorema inzira itsva yekubata nesimbi dzinorema mumakore achangopfuura. Nheyo iyi inonyanya kuenderana nekuita kwechelation mumasero emiti, izvo zvinoita kuti simbi dzinorema dzigare pamadziro esero uye zvinodzivisa kutorwa kwesimbi dzinorema nemiti14,15. Semushonga we dicarboxylic acid chelating, oxalic acid inogona kuchekerera zvakananga maion esimbi dzinorema mumiti, nokudaro ichideredza chepfu. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti oxalic acid musoya inogona kuchekerera Cd2+ uye kuburitsa makristaro ane Cd kuburikidza nemasero etrichome apical, zvichideredza mazinga eCd2+ mumuviri16. Oxalic acid inogona kudzora pH yevhu, kuwedzera superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), uye catalase (CAT), uye kudzora kupinda kweshuga inonyunguduka, mapuroteni anonyunguduka, maamino acids emahara, uye proline. Metabolic modulators 17,18. Zvinhu zvine acid uye Ca2+ yakawandisa mumiti yeoxalate zvinoumba calcium oxalate precipitates pasi pesimba remapuroteni ezvipembenene. Kudzora huwandu hweCa2+ muzvirimwa kunogona kudzora zvinobudirira oxalic acid yakanyungudutswa neCa2+ muzvirimwa uye kudzivirira kuunganidzwa kwakanyanya kweoxalic acid neCa2+19,20.
Huwandu hwe lime rinoshandiswa ndechimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa mhedzisiro yekudzorerwa. Zvakaonekwa kuti kudyiwa kwe lime kuri pakati pe750 kusvika 6000 kg·h·m−2. Kune ivhu rine acidic rine pH 5.0-5.5, mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwe lime pachiyero che3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya pane pachiyero che750 kg·h·m-221. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwe lime kunokonzera mhedzisiro yakaipa pavhu, senge shanduko huru mu pH yevhu uye kusimba kwevhu22. Saka, takaisa mazinga ekurapa eCaO se0, 750, 2250 uye 3750 kg·h·m−2. Apo oxalic acid yakashandiswa kuArabidopsis, Ca2+ yakawanikwa yakaderera zvakanyanya pa10 mM L-1, uye mhuri yeCRT gene inokanganisa Ca2+ signaling yaive yakasimba20. Kuunganidzwa kwezvimwe zvidzidzo zvekare kwakatibvumira kuona huwandu hwekuedza uku uye kuramba tichidzidza kudyidzana kwezvinowedzerwa zvekunze paCa2+ neCd2+23,24,25. Saka, chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekuongorora mashandiro ekutonga kwemhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwe lime pamusoro uye kupfapfaidza oxalic acid pahuwandu hweCd uye kushivirira kushushikana kwePanax notoginseng muvhu rakasvibiswa neCd, uye kuongorora nzira dzakanakisa uye nzira dzekurapa. vimbiso. Buda Panax notoginseng. Inopa ruzivo rwakakosha kutungamira kuwedzera kurimwa kwemishonga muvhu rakasvibiswa necadmium uye kupa kugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro, kunogara kwenguva refu kuti kusangane nezvinodiwa nemusika wemishonga.
Kushandisa mhando yemuno yeWenshan notoginseng sezvinhu, kuyedza kwakaitwa mumunda muLannizhai (24°11′N, 104°3′E, kureba 1446m), Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Avhareji yekupisa kwegore negore i17°C uye avhareji yemvura inonaya pagore i1250 mm. Hunhu hwevhu rakadzidzwa: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg -1, inoshanda P 18.55. mg kg-1, inowanikwa K 100.37 mg kg-1, huwandu hwese hweCd 0.3 mg kg-1 uye pH 5.4.
Musi wa10 Zvita, 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) ne lime (0.750, 2250 uye 3750 kg h m-2) zvakaiswa ndokusanganiswa nevhu repamusoro 0–10 cm mupuranga rega rega, 2017. Kurapa kwega kwega kwakadzokororwa katatu. Minda yekuedza yakawanikwa zvisina tsarukano, nzvimbo yepuranga rega rega yaive 3 m2. Mbeu dzePanax notoginseng dzine gore rimwe dzakadyarwa mushure memazuva gumi nemashanu ekurima muvhu. Pakushandisa mambure emumvuri, simba rechiedza chePanax notoginseng mumumvuri wemumvuri rinosvika 18% yesimba rechiedza chechisikigo. Kura zvichienderana nenzira dzechinyakare dzekurima. Pakukura kwePanax notoginseng muna 2019, oxalic acid ichapfapfaidzwa se sodium oxalate. Kuwanda kweoxalic acid kwaive 0, 0.1 uye 0.2 mol l-1, zvichiteerana, uye pH yakagadziriswa kuita 5.16 neNaOH kuti itevedzere avhareji yepH yetsvina yakapfapfaidzwa. Pfafadzai pamusoro nepazasi pemashizha kamwe chete pasvondo na8am. Mushure mekupfapfaidza ka4, zvirimwa zvePanax notoginseng zvine makore matatu zvakakohwewa pavhiki rechishanu.
Muna Mbudzi 2019, zvirimwa zvePanax notoginseng zvine makore matatu zvakarapwa neoxalic acid zvakaunganidzwa mumunda. Mimwe mienzaniso yezvirimwa zvePanax notoginseng zvine makore matatu kuti zviongororwe metabolism yemuviri uye enzyme activity yakaiswa mumachubhu efiriji, ikakurumidza kuomeswa ne liquid nitrogen, yozoendeswa kufiriji pa -80°C. Chikamu chedanho rekukura chinofanira kuonekwa mumidzi yemasampuli eCd uye zviri mukati mechinhu chinoshanda. Mushure mekushambidzwa nemvura yepombi, omesa pa105°C kwemaminitsi makumi matatu, bata huremu pa75°C uye gayai mienzaniso yacho mumota. chengetai.
Yera 0.2 g yemiti yakaomeswa muflask yeErlenmeyer, wedzera 8 ml HNO3 uye 2 ml HClO4 uye chivharo usiku hwese. Zuva rinotevera, funnel ine mutsipa wakakombama inoiswa muflask ine mativi matatu kuti iparare kusvika utsi huchena hwabuda uye mvura yaora yave pachena. Mushure mekutonhorera kusvika patembiricha yemukamuri, musanganiswa wacho wakachinjirwa muflask ine 10 ml volumetric. Huremu hweCd hwakaonekwa paatomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Yera 0.2 g yemasampuli emiti yakaomeswa mubhodhoro repurasitiki re50 ml, wedzera 10 ml ye 1 mol l-1 HCL, vhara wozunza kwemaawa gumi nemashanu wosefa. Uchishandisa pipette, tora huwandu hunodiwa hwefiltrate kuti uderedze mvura yakakodzera wobva wawedzera SrCl2 solution kuti uwedzere huwandu hweSr2+ kusvika 1 g L–1. Huremu hweCa hwakaonekwa uchishandisa atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), uye catalase (CAT) reference kit method (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., nhamba yekunyoresa chigadzirwa), shandisa kit yekuyera inoenderana Nhamba: Jingyaodianji (quasi) word 2013 Nhamba 2400147).
Yera 0.05 g yemuenzaniso wePanax notoginseng wobva wawedzera anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent parutivi pechubhu. Zunza chubhu kwemasekonzi maviri kusvika matatu kuti unyatsosanganisa mvura yacho. Isa chubhu pa test tube rack kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu. Huremu hweshuga inonyungudika hwakaonekwa uchishandisa UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pahurefu hwe620 nm.
Yera 0.5 g yemuenzaniso mutsva wePanax notoginseng, pwanya kusvika waita homogenate ne 5 ml yemvura yakacheneswa wobva waikanda mu centrifuge pa 10,000 g kwemaminitsi gumi. Sanganisa supernatant kusvika pahuwandu hwakatarwa. Nzira yeCoomassie Brilliant Blue yakashandiswa. Huremu hweprotein inonyungudika hwakaonekwa uchishandisa spectrophotometry munzvimbo dzinoonekwa ne ultraviolet (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pahurefu hwe 595 nm uye hwakaverengerwa kubva pa standard curve ye bovine serum albumin.
Yera 0.5 g sampuro itsva, wedzera 5 ml ye10% acetic acid kuti uikuya uye uiite homogenize, sefa uye uinyungudise kusvika pahuwandu husingachinji. Nzira yeChromogenic uchishandisa mhinduro ye ninhydrin. Huremu hwemaamino acids akasununguka hwakaongororwa ne ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pahurefu hwe570 nm uye hwakaverengerwa kubva pa standard leucine curve.
Yera 0.5 g yemuenzaniso mutsva, wedzera 5 ml ye3% sulfosalicylic acid, pisa mumvura wozoizunza kwemaminitsi gumi. Mushure mekutonhorera, mushonga wacho wakasefetwa wozoderedzwa kusvika pahuwandu husingachinji. Nzira yeacid ninhydrin chromogenic yakashandiswa. Huremu hweproline hwakaonekwa neUV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pahurefu hwe520 nm uye hwakaverengerwa kubva paproline standard curve.
Kuwanda kwemasaponins kwakawanikwa ne high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) zvichienderana nePharmacopoeia yePeople's Republic of China (edition 2015). Nheyo huru yeHPLC ndeyekushandisa high-pressure liquid se mobile phase uye kushandisa tekinoroji inoshanda zvakanyanya yekuparadzanisa pa stationary phase column ye ultrafine particles. Unyanzvi hwekushanda ndehwekuti:
Mamiriro eHPLC uye bvunzo yekukodzera sisitimu (Tafura 1): Kugadziriswa kwegradient kwakaitwa zvichienderana netafura inotevera, uchishandisa silica gel yakasungwa neoctadecylsilane sefiller, acetonitrile se mobile phase A, mvura se mobile phase B, uye wavelength yekuona yaive 203 nm. Huwandu hwemakapu edzidziso akaverengerwa kubva paR1 peak yePanax notoginseng saponins hunofanirwa kunge huri 4000.
Kugadzirira mhinduro yekutarisa: Yera nemazvo ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenosides Rb1 uye notoginsenosides R1, wedzera methanol kuti uwane mhinduro yakasanganiswa ye 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 uye 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 pa ml.
Kugadzirira mhinduro yekuedza: Yera 0.6 g yeSanxin powder wobva wawedzera 50 ml yemethanol. Musanganiswa wacho wakayerwa (W1) wobva wasiyiwa husiku hwese. Mhinduro yakasanganiswa yakazobikwa zvishoma mumvura inodziya pa80°C. kwemaawa maviri. Mushure mekutonhodza, yera mhinduro yakasanganiswa wobva wawedzera methanol yabuda muhuwandu hweW1. Wobva wazunza zvakanaka wosefa. Filtrate yakasiyiwa kuti ionekwe.
Zviri mu saponin zvakanyudzwa nemazvo ne 10 µl yemushonga wakajairika uye 10 µl yefiltrate ndokupinzwa muHPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Mutsetse wakajairwa: kusarudzwa kweRg1, Rb1, R1 solution yakasanganiswa, mamiriro echromatography akafanana neari pamusoro apa. Verenga mutsetse wakajairwa nenzvimbo yepeak yakayerwa pay-axis uye huwandu hwesaponin mumhinduro yakajairwa paabscissa. Batanidza nzvimbo yepeak yakayerwa yemuenzaniso mumutsetse wakajairwa kuti uverenge huwandu hwesaponin.
Yera 0.1 g yemuenzaniso weP. notogensings wobva wawedzera 50 ml ye70% CH3OH solution. Isa sonicate kwemaawa maviri, wozoisiya ichitenderera pa4000 rpm kwemaminitsi gumi. Tora 1 ml ye supernatant woideredza kagumi nembiri. Huremu hwe flavonoids hwakaongororwa ne ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) pahurefu hwe 249 nm. Quercetin chinhu chakajairika chinowanikwa mu 8.
Data rakarongwa uchishandisa software yeExcel 2010. Kuongororwa kwekusiyana kwedata kwakaongororwa uchishandisa software yeSPSS Statistics 20. Mufananidzo wakatorwa ne origin Pro 9.1. Nhamba dzakaverengerwa dzinosanganisira avhareji ± standard deviation. Zvirevo zvekukosha kwenhamba zvakavakirwa paP<0.05.
Pakupfapfaidza mashizha nechiyero chakafanana cheoxalic acid, huwandu hweCa mumidzi yePanax notoginseng hwakawedzera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwe lime (Tafura 2). Zvichienzaniswa nekusashandiswa kwe lime, huwandu hweCa hwakawedzera ne212% pa3750 kg ppm lime pasina oxalic acid spray. Pachiyero chimwe chete chekushandiswa kwe lime, huwandu hwecalcium hwakawedzera zvishoma nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweoxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa.
Kuwanda kweCd mumidzi kwaisiyana kubva pa0.22 kusvika pa0.70 mg/kg. Pakupfapfaidza kwakafanana kweoxalic acid, huwandu hwe2250 kg hm-2 Cd hwakaderera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwe lime. Zvichienzaniswa nekudzora, paipfapfaidza midzi ne2250 kg gm-2 lime uye 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, huwandu hweCd hwakaderera ne68.57%. Pakashandiswa pasina lime uye 750 kg hm-2 lime, huwandu hweCd mumidzi yePanax notoginseng hwakaderera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweoxalic acid spray. Nekuiswa kwe2250 kg ye lime gm-2 uye 3750 kg ye lime gm-2, huwandu hweCd mumudzi hwakatanga kudzikira uye hwakazowedzera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweoxalic acid. Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo ye2D yakaratidza kuti huwandu hweCa mumudzi wePanax notoginseng hwakakanganiswa zvakanyanya neraimu (F = 82.84**), huwandu hweCd mumudzi wePanax notoginseng hwakakanganiswa zvakanyanya neraimu (F = 74.99**) uye oxalic acid. (F = 74.99**). F = 7.72*).
Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekushandiswa kwe lime uye huwandu hwekushandiswa kwe oxalic acid, huwandu hwe MDA hwakaderera zvakanyanya. Hapana musiyano wakakosha wakawanikwa muhuwandu hwe MDA pakati pemidzi yePanax notoginseng yakarapwa ne lime uye 3750 kg g/m2 lime. Pahuwandu hwekushandiswa hwe 750 kg hm-2 uye 2250 kg hm-2 lime, huwandu hwe MDA mu 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid payakapfapfaidzwa hwaive 58.38% uye 40.21% yakaderera pane mu non-sprayed oxalic acid, zvichiteerana. Huwandu hwe MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) hwaive hwakaderera apo 750 kg ye hm-2 lime uye 0.2 mol l-1 ye oxalic acid zvakawedzerwa (Mufananidzo 1).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza mashizha neoxalic acid pane huwandu hwemalondialdehyde mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasi pe cadmium stress [J]. P<0.05). Zvakafanana pazasi.
Kunze kwekushandisa 3750 kg h m-2 ye lime, hapana musiyano wakakosha wakaonekwa mukushanda kweSOD kwemidzi yePanax notoginseng. Pakushandisa lime 0, 750 uye 2250 kg hm-2, kushanda kweSOD pakupfapfaidza 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwaive kwakanyanya kupfuura pasina kurapwa ne oxalic acid, iyo yakawedzera ne177.89%, 61.62% uye 45 .08% zvichiteerana. Basa reSOD (598.18 units g-1) mumidzi raive rakanyanya pakurapwa pasina lime uye rakapfapfaidzwa ne 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Pahuwandu hwakafanana pasina oxalic acid kana kupfapfaidzwa ne 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, basa reSOD rakawedzera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekushandiswa kwe lime. Basa reSOD rakaderera zvakanyanya mushure mekupfapfaidza ne 0.2 mol L–1 oxalic acid (Mufananidzo 2).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza mashizha neoxalic acid pabasa re superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, uye catalase mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasi pe cadmium stress [J].
Zvakafanana nekushanda kweSOD mumidzi, kushanda kwePOD mumidzi (63.33 µmol g-1) kwaive kwakanyanya kana kwapfapfaidzwa pasina lime uye 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, iyo yaive yakakwira ne148.35% kupfuura kudzora (25.50 µmol g-1). . Basa rePOD rakatanga rakawedzera uye rakaderera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweoxalic acid spray uye 3750 kg hm −2 lime treatment. Zvichienzaniswa nekurapa ne0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, kushanda kwePOD kwakaderera ne36.31% pakurapwa ne0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Mufananidzo 2).
Kunze kwekupfapfaidza 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid nekushandisa 2250 kg hm-2 kana 3750 kg hm-2 lime, basa reCAT raive rakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura raitarisirwa. Basa reCAT rekurapa ne 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid uye kurapwa ne lime 0.2250 kg h m-2 kana 3750 kg h m-2 rakawedzera ne276.08%, 276.69% uye 33 .05% zvichiteerana zvichienzaniswa nekusabatwa ne oxalic acid. Basa reCAT remidzi (803.52 µmol g-1) yakarapwa ne 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid ndiro raive rakakwirira. Basa reCAT (172.88 µmol g-1) raive rakaderera pakurapa 3750 kg hm-2 lime uye 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Mufananidzo 2).
Ongororo yeBivariate yakaratidza kuti Panax notoginseng CAT activity neMDA zvine hukama hwakakura nehuwandu hweoxalic acid kana lime spraying uye kurapwa kwese kuri kutaurwa (Tafura 3). Basa reSOD mumidzi rakabatana zvakanyanya nekurapwa kwe lime ne oxalic acid kana oxalic acid spray concentration. Basa re Root POD rine hukama hwakakura nehuwandu hwe lime rinoshandiswa kana nekushandiswa kwe lime ne oxalic acid panguva imwe chete.
Huremu hweshuga inonyungudika mumidzi yezvirimwa hwakaderera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekushandiswa kwe lime uye huwandu hwekupfapfaidza ne oxalic acid. Pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura muhuwandu hweshuga inonyungudika mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasina kuiswa lime uye nekushandiswa kwe 750 kg·h·m−2 ye lime. Pakuisa 2250 kg hm-2 lime, huwandu hweshuga inonyungudika painorapwa ne 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid hwaive hwakakwira zvakanyanya pane painopfapfaidza ne non-oxalic acid, iyo yakawedzera ne 22.81%. Pakuisa lime muhuwandu hwe 3750 kg·h·m-2, huwandu hweshuga inonyungudika hwakaderera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekupfapfaidza ne oxalic acid. Huremu hweshuga inonyungudika ye 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment hwaive hwakaderera ne 38.77% pane hwekurapa pasina kurapwa ne oxalic acid. Pamusoro pezvo, mushonga wekupfapfaidza ne 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid waiva neshuga shoma inonyungudika ye205.80 mg g-1 (Mufananidzo 3).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza mashizha ne oxalic acid pane huwandu hweshuga inonyungudika yese uye mapuroteni anonyungudika mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasi pe cadmium stress [J].
Huremu hweprotein inonyungudika mumidzi hwakaderera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekushandiswa kwe lime ne oxalic acid. Kana pasina lime, huwandu hweprotein inonyungudika mukurapa kwekupfapfaidza ne 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid hwakanga hwakaderera zvakanyanya pane hwakanga hwavepo, ne16.20%. Pakuisa lime 750 kg hm-2, hapana musiyano wakakosha muhuwandu hweprotein inonyungudika mumidzi yePanax notoginseng wakaonekwa. Pakushandiswa kwe lime kwe 2250 kg h m-2, huwandu hweprotein inonyungudika mukurapa kwekupfapfaidza kwe oxalic acid kwe 0.2 mol l-1 hwakanga hwakakwira zvakanyanya pane hwekurapa kusiri kwe oxalic acid (35.11%). Pakashandiswa lime pa 3750 kg h m-2, huwandu hweprotein inonyungudika hwakaderera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe oxalic acid spray, uye huwandu hweprotein inonyungudika (269.84 µg g-1) hwakanga hwakaderera zvakanyanya pakurapwa pa 0.2 mol l-1. Kupfapfaidza ne oxalic acid kamwe chete (Mufananidzo 3).
Hapana musiyano wakakosha pakati pemaamino acids emahara mumidzi yePanax notoginseng kana pasina lime wakawanikwa. Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekupfapfaidza neoxalic acid uye mwero wekushandiswa kwe lime we750 kg hm-2, huwandu hwemaamino acids emahara hwakatanga kudzikira ndokuzowedzera. Kushandiswa kwekurapa ne 2250 kg hm-2 lime uye 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwakawedzera zvakanyanya huwandu hwemaamino acids emahara ne33.58% zvichienzaniswa nekusashandiswa kweoxalic acid. Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekupfapfaidza neoxalic acid uye kuiswa kwe3750 kg·hm-2 ye lime, huwandu hwemaamino acid emahara hwakaderera zvakanyanya. Hunhu hwemaamino acids emahara mu 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment hwaive hwakaderera ne49.76% pane mukurapa pasina oxalic acid treatment. Hunhu hwemaamino acid emahara hwaive hwakanyanya kana hwakarapwa pasina kurapwa neoxalic acid uye hwaisvika 2.09 mg/g. Huremu hwemaamino acids (1.05 mg g-1) hwakanga hwakaderera zvikuru pahwakapfapfaidzwa ne 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Mufananidzo 4).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza mashizha neoxalic acid pane huwandu hwemaamino acids uye proline mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasi pemamiriro ekumanikidzwa kwecadmium [J].
Kuwanda kweproline mumidzi kwakadzikira nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe lime ne oxalic acid. Pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura muhuwandu hwe proline muPanax notoginseng pasina lime. Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe oxalic acid ne lime application ye 750, 2250 kg hm-2, huwandu hwe proline hwakatanga kudzikira ndokuzowedzera. Kuwanda kwe proline mu 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid spray treatment kwaive kwakanyanya kupfuura huwandu hwe proline mu 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid spray treatment, iyo yakawedzera ne19.52% uye 44.33%, zvichiteerana. Pakushandisa 3750 kg·hm-2 ye lime, huwandu hwe proline hwakadzikira zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe oxalic acid. Kuwanda kwe proline mushure mekupfapfaidza 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwaive kwakaderera ne54.68% pane pasina oxalic acid. Huremu hweproline hwaive hwakaderera uye hwaisvika 11.37 μg/g mushure mekurapwa ne 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid (Mufananidzo 4).
Kuwanda kwemasaponins muPanax notoginseng kwaive Rg1>Rb1>R1. Pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha muhuwandu hwemasaponins matatu nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweoxalic acid spray uye pasina lime (Tafura 4).
Kuwanda kweR1 pakupfapfaidza 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwaive kwakaderera zvakanyanya pane kusavapo kwekupfapfaidza oxalic acid uye kushandisa lime 750 kana 3750 kg·h·m-2. Nekuwanda kwe oxalic acid spray kwe0 kana 0.1 mol l-1, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha muhuwandu hweR1 nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekushandiswa kwe lime. Pahuwandu hwe oxalic acid spray hwe0.2 mol l-1, huwandu hweR1 hwe3750 kg hm-2 ye lime hwakanga hwakaderera zvakanyanya pane hwe43.84% pasina lime (Tafura 4).
Zviri muRg1 zvakatanga kuwedzera zvozodzikira nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekupfapfaidza neoxalic acid uye mwero wekushandiswa kwe lime we750 kg·h·m−2. Pamwero wekushandiswa kwe lime we2250 kana 3750 kg h m-2, huwandu hweRg1 hwakaderera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekupfapfaidza ne oxalic acid. Pamwero wekushandiswa kwe oxalic acid, huwandu hweRg1 hwakatanga kuwedzera zvozodzikira nekuwedzera kwemwero wekushandiswa kwe lime. Zvichienzaniswa nekutonga, kunze kwehuwandu hutatu hwe oxalic acid ne 750 kg h m-2, huwandu hweRg1 hwaive hwakakwira kupfuura hwekutonga, huwandu hweRg1 mumidzi yemamwe marapirwo hwaive hwakaderera pane hwekutonga. Rudzi rweRg1 rwaive rwakanyanya parwakapfapfaidzwa ne 750 kg gm-2 lime uye 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, iyo yaive yakakwira ne11.54% kupfuura hwekutonga (Tafura 4).
Zviri muRb1 zvakatanga kuwedzera zvozodzikira nekuwanda kwekupfapfaidza neoxalic acid uye mwero wekushandiswa kwe lime we2250 kg hm-2. Mushure mekupfapfaidza 0.1 mol l–1 oxalic acid, huwandu hweRb1 hwakasvika pa3.46%, inova 74.75% yakakwira kupfuura pasina kupfapfaidza oxalic acid. Nemamwe marapirwo e lime, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha pakati pehuwandu hwakasiyana hwe oxalic acid spray. Pakapfapfaidzwa ne 0.1 uye 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid, huwandu hweRb1 hwakatanga kudzikira, uye hwozodzikira nekuwanda kwe lime (tafura 4).
Pakuwanda kwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa, huwandu hwe flavonoids hwakatanga kuwedzera uye hwakazodzikira nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe lime. Kusava ne lime kana 3750 kg hm-2 lime yakapfapfaidzwa ne huwandu hwakasiyana hwe oxalic acid kwaive nemusiyano wakakura muhuwandu hwe flavonoid. Pakashandiswa lime pachiyero che 750 uye 2250 kg h m-2, huwandu hwe flavonoids hwakatanga kuwedzera uye hwakazodzikira nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe spraying ne oxalic acid. Pakarapwa nechiyero che 750 kg hm-2 uye spraying ne 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, huwandu hwe flavonoids hwaive hwakanyanya uye hwaisvika 4.38 mg g-1, inova 18.38% yakakwira kupfuura lime pachiyero chimwe chete che spraying. pasina spraying ne oxalic acid. Huremu hwemaflavonoids panguva yekupfapfaidza neoxalic acid 0.1 mol l-1 hwakawedzera ne21.74% zvichienzaniswa nekurapwa pasina kupfapfaidza neoxalic acid uye kurapwa ne lime ne 2250 kg hm-2 (Mufananidzo 5).
Mhedzisiro yekupfapfaidza mashizha e-oxalate pane flavonoid iri mumidzi yePanax notoginseng pasi pe cadmium stress [J].
Ongororo yeBivariate yakaratidza kuti huwandu hweshuga inonyungudika muPanax notoginseng hwakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwe lime inoshandiswa uye huwandu hwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa. Hunhu hweprotein inonyungudika mumidzi hwakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwe lime, ese lime ne oxalic acid. Hunhu hwe amino acids ne proline mumidzi hwakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwe lime, huwandu hwe oxalic acid, lime ne oxalic acid (Tafura 5).
Zviri mukati meR1 mumidzi yePanax notoginseng zvakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwekupfapfaidza neoxalic acid, huwandu hwe lime, lime uye oxalic acid zvakaiswa. Zviri mukati me flavonoid zvakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwe oxalic acid yakapfapfaidzwa uye huwandu hwe lime yakaiswa.
Kugadziriswa kwakawanda kwakashandiswa kuderedza Cd yemiti nekudzivirira Cd muvhu, zvakaita se lime ne oxalic acid30. Lime inoshandiswa zvakanyanya semusanganiswa wevhu kuderedza huwandu hwe cadmium muzvirimwa31. Liang et al. 32 vakataura kuti oxalic acid inogonawo kushandiswa kudzorera ivhu rakasvibiswa nesimbi dzinorema. Mushure mekushandisa huwandu hwakasiyana hwe oxalic acid muvhu rakasvibiswa, ivhu re organic rakawedzera, cation exchange capacity yakaderera, uye pH value yakawedzera ne33. Oxalic acid inogonawo kuita nema ions esimbi muvhu. Pasi pekumanikidzwa kweCd, huwandu hweCd muPanax notoginseng hwakawedzera zvakanyanya zvichienzaniswa nekudzora. Zvisinei, apo lime yakashandiswa, yakaderera zvakanyanya. Muchidzidzo ichi, pakushandisa 750 kg hm-2 lime, huwandu hweCd mumudzi hwakasvika pachiyero chenyika (muganho weCd: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), uye mhedzisiro pakushandisa 2250 kg hm−2 ye lime inoshanda zvakanyanya ne lime. Kushandiswa kwe lime kwakagadzira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekukwikwidzana pakati peCa2+ neCd2+ muvhu, uye kuwedzerwa kwe oxalic acid kunogona kuderedza huwandu hweCd mumidzi yePanax notoginseng. Zvisinei, huwandu hweCd mumidzi yePanax notoginseng hwakaderedzwa zvakanyanya nekusanganiswa kwe lime ne oxalic acid, zvichisvika pachiyero chenyika. Ca2+ iri muvhu inonamirwa pamusoro pemidzi panguva yekuyerera kwehuwandu uye inogona kutorwa nemasero emidzi kuburikidza ne calcium channels (Ca2+-channels), calcium pumps (Ca2+-AT-Pase) uye Ca2+/H+ antiporters, uye yozoendeswa kune midzi xylem 23. Content Root Ca yakanga yakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hweCd (P<0.05). Zviri muCd zvakaderera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweCa, izvo zvinoenderana nemafungiro pamusoro pekupesana kweCa neCd. Kuongororwa kwekusiyana kwakaratidza kuti huwandu hwe lime hwakakanganisa zvakanyanya huwandu hweCa mumidzi yePanax notoginseng. Pongrac et al. 35 vakashuma kuti Cd inobatanidza neoxalate mu calcium oxalate crystals uye inokwikwidzana neCa. Zvisinei, kudzorwa kweCa neoxalate kwakanga kusina kukosha. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti kunaya kwecalcium oxalate inoumbwa ne oxalic acid neCa2+ kwakanga kusiri kunaya kuri nyore, uye maitiro e co-precipitation anogona kudzorwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dze metabolic.