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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ine migumisiro yakawanda yemuviri uye yezvirwere mumuviri wemunhu. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) inoshandiswa zvakanyanya sechishandiso chemishonga chekuongorora mhedzisiro yeH2S mukuyedza kwezvipenyu. Kunyangwe kurasikirwa kweH2S kubva kumhinduro dzeNaHS kuchitora maminetsi mashoma chete, mhinduro dzeNaHS dzakashandiswa semishonga yekupa H2S mumvura yekunwa mune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvemhuka. Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora kana mvura yekunwa ine huwandu hweNaHS hwe30 μM yakagadzirwa mumabhodhoro egonzo/mbeva inogona kuramba yakasimba kwemaawa angangoita 12-24, sezvakataurwa nevamwe vanyori. Gadzirira mhinduro yeNaHS (30 μM) mumvura yekunwa wobva waidurura pakarepo mumabhodhoro emvura egonzo/mbeva. Samples dzakatorwa kubva kumucheto nemukati mebhodhoro remvura pa0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 uye 24 maawa ekuyera huwandu hwesulfide uchishandisa nzira yemethylene blue. Pamusoro pezvo, makonzo echirume neechikadzi akabaiwa NaHS (30 μM) kwemavhiki maviri uye huwandu hweserum sulfide hwakayerwa mazuva ese maviri mukati mevhiki yekutanga uye pakupera kwevhiki yechipiri. Mhinduro yeNaHS mumuenzaniso wakawanikwa kubva kumucheto webhodhoro remvura yakanga isina kugadzikana; yakaderera ne72% uye 75% mushure memaawa gumi nemaviri nemana, zvichiteerana. Mumienzaniso yakawanikwa kubva mukati memabhodhoro emvura, kudzikira kweNaHS kwakanga kusina kukosha mukati memaawa maviri; zvisinei, kwakadzikira ne47% uye 72% mushure memaawa gumi nemaviri nemana, zvichiteerana. Kupinza NaHS hakuna kukanganisa huwandu hweserum sulfide hwemakonzo echirume neechikadzi. Mukupedzisa, mhinduro dzeNaHS dzakagadzirwa kubva mumvura yekunwa hadzifanirwe kushandiswa kupa H2S nekuti mhinduro yacho haina kugadzikana. Nzira iyi yekupa mhuka ichaisa NaHS isina kurongeka uye idiki pane zvaitarisirwa.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) yave ichishandiswa semuchetura kubvira muna 1700; zvisinei, basa rayo rinogona kunge riri re endogenous biosignaling molecule rakatsanangurwa naAbe naKimura muna 1996. Mumakumi matatu emakore apfuura, mabasa akawanda eH2S muhurongwa hwakasiyana hwevanhu akajekeswa, zvichiita kuti zvionekwe kuti mamorekuru anopa H2S anogona kushandiswa mukurapa kana kutarisira zvimwe zvirwere; ona Chirino et al. kuti uwane ongororo yazvino.
Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) yave ichishandiswa zvakanyanya sechishandiso chemishonga chekuongorora mhedzisiro yeH2S muzvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemaseru nemhuka5,6,7,8. Zvisinei, NaHS haisi mupi weH2S akakodzera nekuti inoshandurwa nekukurumidza kuita mhinduro yeH2S/HS-in, inosvibiswa nyore nyore nepolysulfides, uye inonyungudika nyore nyore uye inonyungudika4,9. Muzviedzo zvakawanda zvebhayoloji, NaHS inonyungudika mumvura, zvichikonzera kunyungudika kwepassive uye kurasikirwa neH2S10,11,12, oxidation yega yeH2S11,12,13, uye photolysis14. Sulfide mumushonga wekutanga inorasika nekukurumidza nekuda kwekushanduka kweH2S11. Mumudziyo wakavhurika, hafu yehupenyu (t1/2) yeH2S inenge maminetsi mashanu, uye huwandu hwayo hunoderera neinenge 13% paminiti10. Kunyangwe kurasikirwa kwehydrogen sulfide kubva kuNaHS solutions kuchitora maminetsi mashoma chete, dzimwe ongororo dzemhuka dzakashandisa NaHS solutions senzvimbo yehydrogen sulfide mumvura yekunwa kwemavhiki 1-21, dzichitsiva NaHS-containing solution maawa ega ega 12-24.15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 Maitiro aya haaenderane nemisimboti yekutsvagisa kwesainzi, sezvo mwero wemishonga unofanirwa kuenderana nekushandiswa kwayo mune mamwe marudzi, kunyanya vanhu.27
Tsvagiridzo yepamberi pekiriniki mu biomedicine ine chinangwa chekuvandudza mhando yekurapwa kwevarwere kana mhedzisiro yekurapa. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemhuka haisati yashandurwa kuvanhu28,29,30. Chimwe chezvikonzero zvekukundikana kwekushandura uku kusatariswa kwemhando yezvidzidzo zvemhuka30. Nokudaro, chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekutsvaga kana mhinduro dze30 μM NaHS dzakagadzirwa mumabhodhoro emvura egonzo/mbeva dzingaramba dzakagadzikana mumvura yekunwa kwemaawa gumi nemaviri kusvika makumi maviri nemana, sezvakataurwa kana kukurudzirwa mune zvimwe zvidzidzo.
Kuedza kwese muchidzidzo ichi kwakaitwa zvichienderana nemirairo yakabudiswa yekutarisira nekushandisa mhuka dzemurabhoritari muIran31. Mishumo yese yekuyedza muchidzidzo ichi yakateverawo nhungamiro dzeARRIVE32. Komiti yetsika dzeInstitute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, yakabvumidza nzira dzese dzekuyedza muchidzidzo ichi.
Zinc acetate dihydrate (CAS: 5970-45-6) uye anhydrous ferric chloride (CAS: 7705-08-0) zvakatengwa kubva kuBiochem, Chemopahrama (Cosne-sur-Loire, France). Sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (CAS: 207683-19-0) uye N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) (CAS: 535-47-0) zvakatengwa kubva kuSigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isoflurane yakatengwa kubva kuPiramal (Bethlehem, PA, USA). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) yakatengwa kubva kuMerck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Gadzirira mhinduro yeNaHS (30 μM) mumvura yekunwa wobva waidurura pakarepo mumabhodhoro emvura egonzo/mbeva. Kuwanda uku kwakasarudzwa zvichibva pamabhuku akawanda achishandisa NaHS senzvimbo yeH2S; ona chikamu cheKukurukurirana. NaHS imorekuru ine mvura inogona kuva nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwemvura yemvura (kureva, NaHS•xH2O); zvichienderana nemugadziri, chikamu cheNaHS chakashandiswa muchidzidzo chedu chaive 70.7% (kureva, NaHS•1.3 H2O), uye takafunga nezve kukosha uku mukuverenga kwedu, kwatakashandisa huremu hwemamorekuru hwe56.06 g/mol, inova huremu hwemamorekuru eNaHS isina mvura. Mvura yemvura yemvura (inonziwo mvura yekristaro) ndiwo mamorekuru emvura anoumba chimiro chekristaro33. Mahydrate ane hunhu hwakasiyana hwemuviri uye hwethermodynamic zvichienzaniswa neanhydrates34.
Usati waisa NaHS mumvura yekunwa, yera pH netembiricha yemusanganiswa. Dururira mvura yeNaHS nekukasika mubhodhoro remvura remakonzo/mbeva riri mukeji yemhuka. Mienzaniso yakatorwa kubva kumucheto uye kubva mukati mebhodhoro remvura pa0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, uye maawa makumi maviri nemana kuti uedze huwandu hwesulfide. Kuyerwa kwesulfide kwakatorwa pakarepo mushure mekutora sampuli yega yega. Takawana sampuli kubva kumucheto wechubhu nekuti zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti saizi diki yechubhu yemvura inogona kuderedza H2S evaporation15,19. Nyaya iyi inoita seinoshandawo kune mhinduro iri mubhodhoro. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kudaro kune mhinduro iri mumutsipa webhodhoro remvura, iyo yaive nehuwandu hwakanyanya hwe evaporation uye yaingoerekana yaita oxidize; kutaura chokwadi, mhuka dzakatanga kunwa mvura iyi.
Muchidzidzo ichi, makonzo eWistar echirume neechikadzi akashandiswa. Makonzo aya akaiswa mumakeji epolypropylene (makonzo 2-3 pakeji) pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa (tembiricha 21-26 °C, hunyoro 32-40%) nechiedza kwemaawa gumi nemaviri (7am kusvika 7pm) uye rima kwemaawa gumi nemaviri (7pm kusvika 7am). Makonzo aya aiwana mvura yepombi mahara uye akadyiswa ne standard chow (Khorak Dam Pars Company, Tehran, Iran). Makonzo echikadzi akaenzana nezera (mwedzi mitanhatu) (n=10, huremu hwemuviri: 190–230 g) uye echirume (n=10, huremu hwemuviri: 320–370 g) akakamurwa zvisina tsarukano mumapoka ekutonga uye eNaHS (30 μM) akarapwa (n=5 paboka). Kuti tione saizi yemuenzaniso, takashandisa nzira yeKISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid), iyo inosanganisa ruzivo rwekare uye power analysis35. Takatanga taita ongororo yekuedza pamakonzo matatu ndokuona huwandu hweavhareji yesulfide muropa uye mwero wekutsauka (8.1 ± 0.81 μM). Zvadaro, tichifunga nezvesimba re80% uye tichifunga nezvehuwandu hwe5%, takaona huwandu hwesampuro yekutanga (n = 5 zvichibva pane zvakambonyorwa kare) hwaienderana nehukuru hwemhedzisiro hwakajairwa hwe2.02 nehukuru hwakatsanangurwa hwakakurudzirwa neFesting hwekuverenga hukuru hwesampuro yemhuka dzekuedza35. Mushure mekupeta kukosha uku neSD (2.02 × 0.81), huwandu hwemhedzisiro hunoonekwa (1.6 μM) hwaive 20%, izvo zvinogamuchirwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti n = 5/boka yakakwana kuona shanduko yeavhareji ye20% pakati pemapoka. Makonzo akakamurwa zvisina kurongeka mumapoka ekutonga uye eNaSH achishandisa basa reExcel software 36 (Supplementary Fig. 1). Kupofumadza kwakaitwa padanho remhedzisiro, uye vaongorori vaiita zviyero zvebiochemical havana kuziva nezvemabasa eboka.
Mapoka eNaHS evanhurume nevanhukadzi vakarapwa nemushonga we30 μM NaHS wakagadzirwa mumvura yekunwa kwemavhiki maviri; Mushonga mutsva wakapihwa maawa makumi maviri nemana ega ega, panguva iyo huremu hwemuviri hwakayerwa. Masampuli eropa akatorwa kubva kumucheto wemuswe wemakonzo ese pasi peanesthesia yeisoflurane mazuva ese ekupedzisira kwevhiki yekutanga neyechipiri. Masampuli eropa akaiswa mu centrifuge pa3000 g kwemaminitsi gumi, serum yakaparadzaniswa ndokuchengetwa pa -80°C kuti iongororwe serum urea, creatinine (Cr), uye total sulfide. Serum urea yakaongororwa nenzira ye enzyme urea, uye serum creatinine yakaongororwa nenzira ye photometric Jaffe uchishandisa ma kits anowanikwa mukutengeserana (Man Company, Tehran, Iran) uye automatic analyzer (Selectra E, serial number 0-2124, The Netherlands). Ma coefficients emukati nepakati ekuchinja kweurea neCr aive pasi pe2.5%.
Nzira yemethylene blue (MB) inoshandiswa kuyera huwandu hwese hwe sulfide mumvura yekunwa uye serum ine NaHS; MB ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa yekuyera huwandu hwe sulfide mumhinduro dzakawanda uye samples dzebiological11,37. Nzira yeMB inogona kushandiswa kufungidzira huwandu hwese hwe sulfide pool38 uye kuyera inorganic sulfides muchimiro cheH2S, HS- uye S2 mu aqueous phase39. Munzira iyi, sarufa inogadzirwa se zinc sulfide (ZnS) kana paine zinc acetate11,38. Zinc acetate precipitation ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa yekuparadzanisa sulfides kubva kune mamwe ma chromophores11. ZnS yakanyungudutswazve uchishandisa HCl11 pasi pemamiriro e acidic akasimba. Sulfide inosangana neDMPD mu stoichiometric ratio ye1:2 mu reaction catalyzed ne ferric chloride (Fe3+ inoshanda se oxidizing agent) kuti igadzire dye MB, iyo inowanikwa spectrophotometrically pa 670 nm40,41. Muganho wekuona nzira yeMB ungangoita 1 μM11.
Muchidzidzo ichi, 100 μL yemuenzaniso wega wega (mhinduro kana serum) yakawedzerwa muchubhu; ipapo 200 μL ye zinc acetate (1% w/v mumvura yakanyungudutswa), 100 μL yeDMPD (20 mM mu 7.2 M HCl), uye 133 μL yeFeCl3 (30 mM mu 1.2 M HCl) yakawedzerwa. Musanganiswa wacho wakaiswa pa37°C murima kwemaminitsi makumi matatu. Mhinduro yacho yakatenderedzwa pa10,000 g kwemaminitsi gumi, uye kunyudzwa kwe supernatant kwakaverengwa pa670 nm uchishandisa microplate reader (BioTek, MQX2000R2, Winooski, VT, USA). Kuwanda kwesulfide kwakaongororwa uchishandisa calibration curve yeNaHS (0–100 μM) muddH2O (Supplementary Fig. 2). Mhinduro dzese dzakashandiswa pakuyera dzakagadzirwa zvitsva. Ma coefficients ekusiyana kwe sulfide intra- uye interassay aive 2.8% uye 3.4%, zvichiteerana. Takaonawo huwandu hwese hwe sulfide hwakatorwa kubva mumvura yekunwa ine sodium thiosulfate uye serum samples tichishandisa nzira ye fortified sample42. Kuwanikwa kwemvura yekunwa ine sodium thiosulfate uye serum samples kwaive 91 ± 1.1% (n = 6) uye 93 ± 2.4% (n = 6), zvichiteerana.
Ongororo yehuwandu hwemashoko yakaitwa uchishandisa GraphPad Prism software version 8.0.2 yeWindows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA, www.graphpad.com). T-test yakashandiswa kuenzanisa tembiricha ne pH yemvura yekunwa isati yawedzerwa NaHS uye mushure mekuwedzera. Kurasikirwa kweH2S mumushonga une NaHS kwakaverengerwa sekudzikira kwezana kubva pakushandiswa kwekutanga, uye kuti tione kana kurasikirwa kwacho kwaive kwakakosha, takaita ANOVA inodzokororwa nenzira imwe chete ichiteverwa ne Dunnett's multiple comparison test. Kurema kwemuviri, serum urea, serum creatinine, uye total serum sulfide nekufamba kwenguva zvakaenzaniswa pakati pemakonzo ekudzivirira neNaHS akarapwa nevanhukadzi vakasiyana tichishandisa two-way mixed (between-in) ANOVA ichiteverwa neBonferroni post hoc test. Two-tailed P values ​​​​< 0.05 dzakaonekwa sedzakakosha muhuwandu hwemashoko.
pH yemvura yekunwa yaive 7.60 ± 0.01 NaHS isati yawedzerwa uye 7.71 ± 0.03 mushure mekuwedzera NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0029). Tembiricha yemvura yekunwa yaive 26.5 ± 0.2 uye yakaderera kusvika 26.2 ± 0.2 mushure mekuwedzera NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0128). Gadzira 30 μM NaHS solution mumvura yekunwa woichengeta mubhodhoro remvura. NaHS solution haina kugadzikana uye huwandu hwayo hunoderera nekufamba kwenguva. Pakutora sampuli kubva pamutsipa webhodhoro remvura, kudzikira kukuru (68.0%) kwakaonekwa mukati meawa yekutanga, uye huwandu hweNaHS mumushonga hwakadzikira ne72% ne75% mushure memaawa gumi nemaviri nemana, zvichiteerana. Mumasampuli akawanikwa kubva mumabhodhoro emvura, kudzikira kweNaHS hakuna kukosha kusvika maawa maviri, asi mushure memaawa gumi nemaviri nemana kwakadzikira ne47% ne72%, zvichiteerana. Data iri rinoratidza kuti chikamu cheNaHS mumushonga we30 μM wakagadzirwa mumvura yekunwa chakaderera kusvika pachikamu chimwe muzvina chemutengo wekutanga mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, zvisinei nenzvimbo yekutora sampuli (Mufananidzo 1).
Kugadzikana kweNaHS solution (30 μM) mumvura yekunwa mumabhodhoro emakonzo/mbeva. Mushure mekugadzirira solution, sampuro dzakatorwa kubva kumuromo nemukati mebhodhoro remvura. Data rinoratidzwa seavhareji ± SD (n = 6/group). * uye #, P < 0.05 zvichienzaniswa nenguva 0. Mufananidzo webhodhoro remvura unoratidza muromo (nekuvhura) nemuviri webhodhoro. Vhoriyamu yemuromo inenge 740 μL.
Kuwanda kweNaHS mumushonga we30 μM wakagadzirwa mutsva kwaive 30.3 ± 0.4 μM (nzvimbo: 28.7–31.9 μM, n = 12). Zvisinei, mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, kuwanda kweNaHS kwakaderera kusvika pamutengo wakaderera (avhareji: 3.0 ± 0.6 μM). Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2, kuwanda kweNaHS uko makonzo akasangana nako kwakanga kusiri kwenguva dzose panguva yekudzidza.
Huremu hwemuviri wemakonzo echikadzi hwakawedzera zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva (kubva pa205.2 ± 5.2 g kusvika pa213.8 ± 7.0 g muboka rekutonga uye kubva pa204.0 ± 8.6 g kusvika pa211.8 ± 7.5 g muboka rakarapwa neNaHS); zvisinei, kurapwa neNaHS hakuna kukanganisa huremu hwemuviri (Mufananidzo 3). Huremu hwemuviri wemakonzo echirume hwakawedzera zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva (kubva pa338.6 ± 8.3 g kusvika pa352.4 ± 6.0 g muboka rekutonga uye kubva pa352.4 ± 5.9 g kusvika pa363.2 ± 4.3 g muboka rakarapwa neNaHS); zvisinei, kurapwa neNaHS hakuna kukanganisa huremu hwemuviri (Mufananidzo 3).
Kuchinja kwehuremu hwemuviri mumakonzo echikadzi neechirume mushure mekupiwa NaHS (30 μM). Data rinounzwa seavhareji ± SEM uye rakaenzaniswa uchishandisa nzira mbiri dzakasanganiswa (mukati-kati) dzekuongorora kusiyana neBonferroni post hoc test. n = 5 yebonde rega rega muboka rega rega.
Kuwanda kwe serum urea ne creatine phosphate kwakafanana mukudzora uye mumakonzo akarapwa neNaSH mukati mekudzidza. Uyezve, kurapwa neNaSH hakuna kukanganisa kuwanda kwe serum urea ne creatinechrome (Tafura 1).
Kuwanda kweserum total sulfide kwakaenzana pakati pemakonzo evarume akarapwa neNaHS (8.1 ± 0.5 μM vs. 9.3 ± 0.2 μM) neevakadzi (9.1 ± 1.0 μM vs. 6.1 ± 1.1 μM). Kupiwa kweNaHS kwemazuva gumi nemana hakuna kukanganisa huwandu hweserum sulfide mumakonzo evarume kana evakadzi (Mufananidzo 4).
Kuchinja kwehuwandu hwe sulfide muropa remakonzo echirume neechikadzi mushure mekupiwa NaHS (30 μM). Data rinounzwa seavhareji ± SEM uye rakaenzaniswa uchishandisa ongororo yakasanganiswa (mukati-mukati) yekuchinjana neBonferroni post hoc test. Bonde rega rega, n = 5/boka.
Mhedziso huru yechidzidzo ichi ndeyekuti mvura yekunwa ine NaHS haina kugadzikana: chikamu chimwe chete muzvina chehuwandu hwe sulfide hwekutanga hunogona kuonekwa maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekutorwa kubva kumucheto uye mukati memabhodhoro emvura egonzo/mbeva. Uyezve, makonzo akasangana nehuwandu hweNaHS husina kugadzikana nekuda kwekurasikirwa kweH2S mumushonga weNaHS, uye kuwedzerwa kweNaHS mumvura yekunwa hakuna kukanganisa huremu hwemuviri, serum urea ne creatine chromium, kana total serum sulfide.
Muchidzidzo ichi, mwero wekurasikirwa kweH2S kubva ku30 μM NaHS solutions dzakagadzirwa mumvura yekunwa waive anenge 3% paawa. Mumhinduro ine buffered (100 μM sodium sulfide mu10 mM PBS, pH 7.4), huwandu hwesulfide hwakataurwa kuti hwakaderera ne7% nekufamba kwenguva mukati memaawa masere negumi nerimwe. Takambodzivirira kupihwa kweNaHS mukati medumbu nekutaura kuti mwero wekurasikirwa kwesulfide kubva ku54 μM NaHS solution mumvura yekunwa waive anenge 2.3% paawa (4%/awa mumaawa gumi nemaviri ekutanga uye 1.4%/awa mumaawa gumi nemaviri apfuura mushure mekugadzirira)8. Zvidzidzo zvekare43 zvakawana kurasikirwa kweH2S nguva dzose kubva kuNaHS solutions, kunyanya nekuda kwekushanduka-shanduka uye oxidation. Kunyangwe pasina kuwedzerwa mabubbles, sulfide mu stock solution inorasika nekukurumidza nekuda kwekushanduka-shanduka kweH2S11. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti panguva yekudilution, iyo inotora masekondi angangoita 30-60, inenge 5-10% yeH2S inorasika nekuda kwekubuda kwemvura. Kuti vadzivise kubuda kweH2S kubva mumushonga, vaongorori vakatora matanho akati wandei, kusanganisira kusanganisa zvinyoro nyoro mushonga12, kufukidza stock solution neplastic film6, uye kuderedza kuratidzwa kwemushonga mumhepo, sezvo mwero wekubuda kwemvura kweH2S unoenderana ne air-liquid interface.13 Kubuda kwemvura kweH2S kunowanzoitika nekuda kwemaion esimbi anochinja, kunyanya ferric iron, ayo ari tsvina mumvura.13 Kubuda kwemvura kweH2S kunoguma nekuumbwa kwepolysulfides (maatomu esulfur akabatanidzwa ne covalent bonds)11. Kuti isaoxidation, mhinduro dzine H2S dzinogadzirwa muzvinyungudutsi zvisina okisijeni44,45 uye dzozocheneswa neargon kana nitrogen kwemaminitsi 20-30 kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti haioxidation.11,12,37,44,45,46 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) isimbi chelator (10-4 M) inodzivirira HS- autoxidation mu aerobic solutions. Kana DTPA isipo, chiyero che HS- autoxidation chinosvika 50% pamusoro peanosvika maawa matatu pa25°C37,47. Uyezve, sezvo oxidation ye 1e-sulfide ichikanganiswa ne ultraviolet light, mhinduro yacho inofanira kuchengetwa pachando uye kudzivirirwa kubva kuchiedza11.
Sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 5, NaHS inopatsanuka kuita Na+ neHS-6 kana yanyungudutswa mumvura; kupatsanuka uku kunotsanangurwa nepK1 ye reaction, iyo inoenderana netembiricha: pK1 = 3.122 + 1132/T, uko T iri pakati pe5 kusvika 30°C uye inoyerwa mumadhigirii Kelvin (K), K = °C + 273.1548. HS- ine pK2 yakakwira (pK2 = 19), saka pa pH < 96.49, S2- haina kuumbwa kana kuti inoumbwa muhuwandu hushoma. Kusiyana neizvi, HS- inoshanda sehwaro uye inogamuchira H+ kubva kumorekuru yeH2O, uye H2O inoshanda seasidhi uye inoshandurwa kuita H2S neOH-.
Kuumbwa kwegasi reH2S rakanyungudutswa muNaHS solution (30 µM). aq, aqueous solution; g, gasi; l, liquid. Maverengero ese anofungidzira kuti mvura pH = 7.0 uye tembiricha yemvura = 20 °C. Yakagadzirwa neBioRender.com.
Kunyangwe paine humbowo hwekuti mhinduro dzeNaHS hadzina kugadzikana, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemhuka zvakashandisa mhinduro dzeNaHS mumvura yekunwa semupi weH2S 15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 nekufamba kwenguva kubva pavhiki imwe kusvika makumi maviri nerimwe (Tafura 2). Munguva yezvidzidzo izvi, mhinduro yeNaHS yaivandudzwa maawa gumi nemaviri ega ega, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25 maawa kana 24 maawa, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 maawa. Zvatakawana zvakaratidza kuti makonzo aisangana nehuwandu hwemishonga husina kugadzikana nekuda kwekurasikirwa kweH2S kubva mumushonga weNaHS, uye huwandu hweNaHS mumvura yekunwa yemakonzo hwakachinja zvakanyanya mukati memaawa gumi nemaviri kana makumi maviri nemana (ona Mufananidzo 2). Zvidzidzo zviviri izvi zvakaratidza kuti huwandu hweH2S mumvura hwakaramba hwakagadzikana mukati meawa makumi maviri nemana, makumi maviri nemaviri, kana kuti kurasikirwa kweH2S kwe2-3% chete kwakaonekwa mukati meawa gumi nembiri, asi hazvina kupa ruzivo rwekutsigira kana ruzivo rwekuyera. Zvidzidzo zviviri zvakaratidza kuti dhayamita diki yemabhodhoro emvura inogona kuderedza kubuda kweH2S15,19. Zvisinei, zvatakawana zvakaratidza kuti izvi zvinogona kungononotsa kurasikirwa kweH2S kubva mubhodhoro remvura nemaawa maviri pane maawa gumi nemaviri kusvika makumi maviri nemana. Zvidzidzo zvese izvi zvinoratidza kuti tinofunga kuti huwandu hweNaHS mumvura yekunwa hauna kuchinja nekuti hatina kuona shanduko yeruvara mumvura; saka, oxidation yeH2S nemhepo yakanga isina kukosha19,20. Zvinoshamisa kuti, nzira iyi inoongorora kugadzikana kweNaHS mumvura pane kuyera shanduko muhuwandu hwayo nekufamba kwenguva.
Kurasikirwa kweH2S mumushonga weNaHS kwakabatana nepH netembiricha. Sezvatakaona muchidzidzo chedu, kunyungudutsa NaHS mumvura kunoguma nekuumbwa kwealkaline solution50. Kana NaHS yanyunguduka mumvura, kuumbwa kwegasi reH2S rakanyunguduka kunoenderana nehuwandu hwepH6. Kana pH yemushonga yakaderera, huwandu hweNaHS huripo semamorekuru egasi reH2S hunokura uye sulfide yakawanda inorasika kubva mumushonga wemvura11. Hapana chimwe chezvidzidzo izvi chakaratidza pH yemvura yekunwa inoshandiswa semushonga weNaHS. Sekureva kweWHO, iyo inotenderwa nenyika zhinji, pH yemvura yekunwa inofanira kunge iri pakati pe6.5–8.551. Mune iyi pH range, mwero we oxidation yeH2S inongoerekana yawedzera kanenge kagumi13. Kunyungudutsa NaHS mumvura mune iyi pH range kuchaita kuti huwandu hwegasi reH2S rakanyunguduka huve pakati pe1 kusvika 22.5 μM, izvo zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekutarisa pH yemvura usati wanyungudutsa NaHS. Pamusoro pezvo, tembiricha yakataurwa muchidzidzo chiri pamusoro apa (18–26 °C) yaizokonzera shanduko mukuwanda kwegasi reH2S rakanyungudutswa mumushonga weinenge 10%, sezvo shanduko dzetembiricha dzichichinja pK1, uye shanduko diki mu pK1 dzinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kuwanda kwegasi reH2S rakanyungudutswa48. Pamusoro pezvo, nguva refu yezvimwe zvidzidzo (mwedzi mishanu)22, umo kuchinja kukuru kwetembiricha kunotarisirwa, kunowedzerawo dambudziko iri.
Zvidzidzo zvese kunze kweimwe chete21 zvakashandisa 30 μM NaHS solution mumvura yekunwa. Kuti titsanangure dose yakashandiswa (kureva 30 μM), vamwe vanyori vakataura kuti NaHS muchikamu chemvura inogadzira huwandu hwakafanana hwegasi reH2S uye kuti huwandu hweH2S hwemuviri huri 10 kusvika 100 μM, saka huwandu uhwu huri mukati mehuwandu hwemuviri15,16. Vamwe vakatsanangura kuti 30 μM NaHS inogona kuchengetedza huwandu hweH2S muplasma mukati mehuwandu hwemuviri, kureva 5–300 μM19,20. Tinofunga nezvehuwandu hweNaHS mumvura ye30 μM (pH = 7.0, T = 20 °C), iyo yakashandiswa mune zvimwe zvidzidzo kudzidza mhedzisiro yeH2S. Tinogona kuverenga kuti huwandu hwegasi reH2S rakanyungudutswa i14.7 μM, inova inenge 50% yehuwandu hweNaHS hwekutanga. Kukosha uku kwakafanana nekukosha kwakaverengerwa nevamwe vanyori pasi pemamiriro akafanana13,48.
Muchidzidzo chedu, kupiwa kweNaHS hakuna kuchinja huremu hwemuviri; mhedzisiro iyi inoenderana nemhedzisiro yezvimwe zvidzidzo mumbeva dzechirume22,23 nemakonzo echirume18; Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zviviri zvakataura kuti NaSH yakadzorera huremu hwemuviri hwakaderera mumakonzo akabviswa masero eropa24,26, nepo zvimwe zvidzidzo zvisina kutaura mhedzisiro yeNaSH pahuremu hwemuviri15,16,17,19,20,21,25. Uyezve, muchidzidzo chedu, kupiwa kweNaSH hakuna kukanganisa mazinga e serum urea ne creatine chromium, izvo zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yeimwe mushumo25.
Chidzidzo ichi chakawana kuti kuwedzerwa kweNaHS mumvura yekunwa kwemavhiki maviri hakuna kukanganisa huwandu hwese hwe sulfide muropa remakonzo echirume neechikadzi. Izvi zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yaSen et al. (16): Mavhiki masere ekurapwa ne30 μM NaHS mumvura yekunwa hakuna kukanganisa huwandu hwe plasma sulfide mumakonzo ekudzora; zvisinei, vakataura kuti kupindira uku kwakadzorera kudzikira kwemazinga eH2S muplasma yemakonzo akabviswa masero. Li et al. (22) vakataurawo kuti kurapwa ne30 μM NaHS mumvura yekunwa kwemwedzi mishanu kwakawedzera huwandu hwe plasma free sulfide mumakonzo akwegura neanenge 26%. Zvimwe zvidzidzo hazvina kutaura shanduko mu circulation sulfide mushure mekuwedzera NaHS mumvura yekunwa.
Zvidzidzo zvinomwe zvakashuma zvichishandisa Sigma NaHS15,16,19,20,21,22,23 asi hazvina kupa rumwe ruzivo nezvemvura inonyungudutsa, uye zvidzidzo zvishanu hazvina kutaura nezvekwakabva NaHS inoshandiswa munzira dzavo dzekugadzirira17,18,24,25,26. NaHS imorekuru ine mvura yakawanda uye huwandu hwayo hwemvura inonyungudutsa hunogona kusiyana, izvo zvinokanganisa huwandu hweNaHS hunodiwa kugadzirira mhinduro yemolarity yakatarwa. Semuenzaniso, huwandu hweNaHS muchidzidzo chedu hwaive NaHS•1.3 H2O. Saka, huwandu chaihwo hweNaHS muzvidzidzo izvi hunogona kunge hwakaderera pane hwakashumwa.
"Ko mushonga wenguva pfupi wakadaro ungave sei nemhedzisiro inogara kwenguva refu kudaro?" Pozgay et al.21 vakabvunza mubvunzo uyu pavaiongorora mhedzisiro yeNaHS pachirwere checolitis mumakonzo. Vanotarisira kuti zvidzidzo zvemangwana zvichakwanisa kupindura mubvunzo uyu uye vanofungidzira kuti mhinduro dzeNaHS dzinogona kunge dziine polysulfides dzakagadzikana kuwedzera kune H2S uye disulfides dzinopindirana nemhedzisiro yeNaHS21. Imwe mukana ndeyekuti kuwanda kwakaderera kweNaHS kusara mumushonga kunogonawo kuva nemhedzisiro inobatsira. Kutaura zvazviri, Olson et al. vakapa humbowo hwekuti huwandu hweH2S muropa huri mu micromolar hahusi hwemuviri uye hunofanira kunge huri mu nanomolar range kana kuti husipo zvachose13. H2S inogona kushanda kuburikidza neprotein sulfation, shanduko inodzoserwa mushure mekushandurwa inokanganisa mashandiro, kugadzikana, uye nzvimbo yemapuroteni mazhinji52,53,54. Kutaura zvazviri, pasi pemamiriro emuviri, inenge 10% kusvika 25% yemapuroteni mazhinji echiropa anogadzirwa sulfylated53. Zvidzidzo zvese izvi zvinobvuma kuparadzwa nekukurumidza kweNaHS19,23 asi zvinoshamisa kuti "takadzora huwandu hweNaHS mumvura yekunwa nekuitsiva zuva nezuva."23 Imwe ongororo yakataura netsaona kuti "NaHS imhando yeH2S donor uye inowanzoshandiswa mukurapa kutsiva H2S pachayo."18
Kukurukurirana kuri pamusoro apa kunoratidza kuti NaHS inorasika kubva mumushonga kuburikidza nekuputika, oxidation uye photolysis, saka mamwe mazano anoitwa ekuderedza kurasikirwa kweH2S kubva mumushonga. Chekutanga, kubuda kweH2S kunoenderana ne gas-liquid interface13 uye pH yemushonga11; saka, kuderedza kurasikirwa kwe evaporative, mutsipa webhodhoro remvura unogona kuitwa mudiki sezvinobvira sezvakatsanangurwa kare15,19, uye pH yemvura inogona kugadziriswa kusvika pamuganho wepamusoro unogamuchirwa (kureva, 6.5–8.551) kuderedza kurasikirwa kwe evaporative11. Chechipiri, oxidation ye spontaneous yeH2S inoitika nekuda kwemhedzisiro yeokisijeni uye kuvapo kwemaion esimbi ekuchinja mumvura yekunwa13, saka deoxygenation yemvura yekunwa ne argon kana nitrogen44,45 uye kushandiswa kwesimbi chelators37,47 kunogona kuderedza oxidation ye sulfides. Chechitatu, kudzivirira photodecomposition yeH2S, mabhodhoro emvura anogona kuputirwa nealuminium foil; Maitiro aya anoshandawo kune zvinhu zvinonzwa chiedza zvakaita se streptozotocin55. Chekupedzisira, inorganic sulfide salts (NaHS, Na2S, uye CaS) inogona kupihwa kuburikidza ne gavage pane kunyungudutswa mumvura yekunwa sezvakambotaurwa56,57,58; zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti radioactive sodium sulfide inopihwa kuburikidza ne gavage kumakonzo inonyungudutswa zvakanaka uye inoparadzirwa kune dzinenge nyama dzese59. Kusvika pari zvino, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakapa inorganic sulfide salts mukati medumbu; zvisinei, nzira iyi haiwanzo shandiswa muzvipatara60. Kune rumwe rutivi, nzira yemuromo ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa uye inofarirwa yekupa muvanhu61. Nokudaro, tinokurudzira kuongorora mhedzisiro yevanopa H2S mumakonzo kuburikidza ne gavage yemuromo.
Muganho ndewekuti takayera sulfide mumvura ine mvura uye serum tichishandisa nzira yeMB. Nzira dzekuyera sulfide dzinosanganisira iodine titration, spectrophotometry, electrochemical method (potentiometry, amperometry, coulometric method uye amperometric method) uye chromatography (gas chromatography uye high-performance liquid chromatography), pakati padzo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa ndiyo MB spectrophotometric method62. Muganho weMB method yekuyera H2S muzviyero zvebhayoloji ndewekuti inoyera macompound ese ane sulfur kwete H2S63 yakasununguka nekuti inoitwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ane acidic, izvo zvinoita kuti sarufa ibudiswe kubva muzvinhu zvebhayoloji64. Zvisinei, maererano neAmerican Public Health Association, MB ndiyo nzira yakajairika yekuyera sulfide mumvura65. Naizvozvo, muganho uyu haukanganisi mhedzisiro yedu huru pakusagadzikana kwemhinduro dzine NaHS. Uyezve, mukudzidza kwedu, kudzoserwa kwezviyero zvesulfide mumvura uye serum samples dzine NaHS kwaive 91% uye 93%, zvichiteerana. Aya maitiro anoenderana nematanho akambotaurwa (77–92)66, zvichiratidza kunyatsoongorora kunogamuchirika42. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti takashandisa makonzo ese ari maviri echirume neechikadzi zvichienderana nemirairo yeNational Institutes of Health (NIH) kudzivirira kuvimba zvakanyanya nezvidzidzo zvemhuka dzechirume chete muzvidzidzo zvepamberi pekiriniki67 uye kusanganisira makonzo ese echirume neechikadzi pese pazvinogoneka68. Pfungwa iyi yakasimbiswa nevamwe69,70,71.
Mukupedzisa, mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi inoratidza kuti mhinduro dzeNaHS dzakagadzirwa nemvura yekunwa hadzigone kushandiswa kugadzira H2S nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwadzo. Nzira iyi yekupa mhuka inogona kuisa panjodzi yekusagadzikana uye yakaderera pane zvaitarisirwa yeNaHS; saka, zvakawanikwa zvingasashande kuvanhu.
Dataseti dzakashandiswa uye/kana dzakaongororwa panguva yekudzidza kuri kuitwa dziripo kubva kumunyori anoenderana nadzo kana zvikakumbirwa zvine musoro.
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